ABSTRACT

As we all know the fuel prices especially the petrol is raising steadily day by day.
Again the pollution due to vehicles in metro cities & urban areas is increasing
continuously. To overcome these problems, an effort is being made to search some
other alternative sources of energy for the vehicles. Again, it is also not affordable
to purchase vehicles (mopeds, scooters or motorcycles) for all the class of
society. Keeping this in mind, a search for some way to cater these economically
poor people as well as to provide a solution for the environmental pollution was in
progress. The solar assisted bicycle developed is driven by DC motor fitted in
front or rear axle housing & operated by solar energy. The solar panels mounted
on the carriage will charge the battery & which in turn drive the hub motor. When
the bicycle is idle, the solar panel will charge the battery. This arrangement will
replace the petrol engine, the gear box & the fuel tank in case of a two wheeler or
a chain sprocket, chain & gear shifting arrangement of a conventional bicycle being
used by most common man. As a part of dissertation work, the solar assisted bicycle
is fitted with a dc hub motor on back axle of a bicycle with power rating of 250W
and with a travelling speed of around 25-30 kmph. It is provided with a pair of
lead acid batteries of 12V each, a photovoltaic solar panel with capacity of 20 watt,
a voltage regulator of 24V 250 watt, accelerator and motor controller of 48v 25Amp.
There is also a provision for charging of the battery with 220- 240V, AC wall outlet
supply, in case of poor solar supply due to cloudy weather. There is also a
synchronous motor of frequency 50Hz and current 150MA with torque of 3 kg-cm in
case the battery drains out while riding

Keywords: Solar Assisted Bicycle (SAB), Hub Motor, Solar Panel, Motor Controller,
Voltage Regulator.

i
1. INTRODUCTION

As we all know the fuel prices especially the petrol is rising steadily day by day. The
pollution due to vehicles in metro cities & urban areas is increasing continuously. To
overcome these problems, an effort is being made to search some other alternative
sources of energy for the vehicles. Again, it is also not affordable to purchase vehicles
(mopeds, scooters or motorcycles) for all the class of society. Keeping this in mind,
a search for some way to cater these economically poor people as well as to provide
a solution for the environmental pollution was in progress. The solar assisted
bicycle developed is driven by DC motor fitted in front or rear axle housing &
operated by solar energy. The solar panels mounted on the carriage will charge
the battery & which in turn drive the hub motor. When the bicycle is idle, the
solar panel will charge the battery. This arrangement will replace the petrol engine,
the gear box & the fuel tank in case of a two-wheeler or a chain sprocket,
chain & gear shifting arrangement of a conventional bicycle being used by most
[9]
common man. As a part of dissertation work, the solar assisted bicycle is fitted
with a dc hub motor on front axle of a bicycle with power rating of 250W and with a
travelling speed of around 25- 30 km/h. It is provided with a pair of lead acid batteries
of 35 Ah each, a photovoltaic solar panel with capacity of 20 watt, a voltage
regulator of 24v 10 Amp, accelerator and motor controller of 24v 25Amp. There is
also a provision for charging of the battery with 220-240V, AC wall outlet supply,
in case of poor solar supply due to cloudy weather.

2
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER GENERATION SYSTEM FOR THE
BICYCLE

Fig. 1 Power Generation system for solar bicycle

3
2.LITERATURE REVIEW:
Authors name: Singh, R., Gaur, M. K., Malvi, C. S.
Title of investigation: Study of Solar Energy Operated Hybrid Mild Cars; A Review.
Result and Findings:
A simulated model for charging plug-in electric vehicles from a common solar
panel
had introduced.
Cost- 700$
Authors
name: Sankar,
R., Pushpaveni,
T., Prakash, R.
Title of investigation: Design and Development of Solar Assisted Bicycle.
Result and Findings:
A solar power assisted tricycle had evaluated which consists of 300
W motor, 2
batteries of 12V, 20 W solar panel and the maximum speed of a plain flat road with
zero slopes without pedaling was 9 km/h.
Cost-900$
Authors name: Arsie, I., Rizzo, G., Sorrentino, M.
Title of investigation: A Model for the Optimal Design of a Hybrid Solar Vehicle.
Result and Findings:
A solar power tricycle had invented on the basis of the 75W solar panel and
250W
DC motor which load capacity is 90 kg and highest speed is 15 km/h.
Cost-650$
Rationale of study
The reason to choose this project is to improve theoverall performance of
electric bicycle so that toincrease its acceptance by the society over other vehicles.

Motivation for choosing the problem

Decrease in the natural resource of energy, increase in pollution rate causing ozone
layer depletion by the emission of toxic gases by burning of fuels & global warming.
To save the natural resources like petrol ,from being extinct and to control the
pollution in environment we have to switch6 over to different mode of power resources
aselectricity.

Problem Statement
To improve the performance of electric bicycle by providing dual chargeable system
3. COMPONENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Notations:
d = diameter of the cycle rim in metres.
r = radius of cycle rim in metres.
ω = Angular velocity of cycle shaft.
N = Speed of cycle wheel in RPM
v = Linear velocity of the cycle in
kmph
N1=Normal reaction of the road on each tyre in Newtons.
µ=Coefficient of friction = 0.3
F=Frictional force between tyre and road in Newtons.
T=Torque developed on the shaft due to frictional force in Newton-metres.
P=Power required to ride the cycle in Watts.
t=time required to charge the battery by A- C Supply in hours

2. Bicycle data available:

Cycle Rim Diameter d = 50 cm = 0.5 m
Required Cycle Speed v = 10 kmph
Cycle Weight + Rider Weight w=100 kg

3. Design:
The design involves the calculation of power required to run a bicycle at a known
speed (say 10 km/h) and to develop a solar powered system to produce the required
power. Since additional attachments are to be mounted on the cycle, a light weight
cycle with geared system and suspension was selected. A Hero DTB 6-Speed Geared
Cycle was purchased. [5]

1. Motor calculations
Since the total cycle weight is equal to 100 kg, the Normal reaction acting
on each tyre is equal to (50 x 9.81) Newton each.

2. Friction force acting on8 the tyre

F = μ N1
F = 0.3 x 490.5
F = 147.15 N
3. T
o
r
q
u
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
T=Fxr
T= 147.15 x 0.25
T= 36.78
Nm

4. Sp
ee
d
ca
lc
ul
ati
on
s:
ω=v÷r
ω = (10 x 1000)
÷ (0.25 x 3600)
ω = 11. 11 rad/sec
ω = (2 π N) ÷ 60
N = (60 x ω) ÷
(2π)
N = (60 x 11.11) 9
÷ (2π)
N = 106 rpm
Hence according to the above calculations, to drive a motor of 410 W, 36 V capacity;
we select 3 batteries of 12Ah. We connect these batteries in series to achieve a voltage
of 36V as required by the motor.

7. Electrical charging:
Time required to fully charging the battery is calculated. Power Supplied
to Battery during AC Charging:
AC Adapter Specification:
12V, 12 A P = V.I
P = 12 x 12
P = 144 W (for 1 battrey)
Therefore the time required to charge the battery
completely is: t = 432 ÷ 144
t = 3 hours
Hence, it is found that, the time required to charge the
batteries completely is 3 hours.
8. Solar Panel:
Two solar panel of 20 W capacities were selected due to space constraint. To
charge the battery completely, it needs 432 / (20x2) = 10.8 hours are required. The
solar panel is a photovoltaic converter which works only in bright sunlight. If cloud
blocks the sun rays or during night the solar panel does not work. To make the solar
energy available throughout the day, a solar charger is incorporated.
9. Selection of Battery:
Two Li- ion Battery with 12 V and 12 amp-hour rating are used .The selection
of battery depends on its voltage, ampere and wattage rating etc. The total power of
fully charged battery in 3 hours is 432 Watt-hours.
10. Selection of Motor:
A Brushless D C Motor (BLDC) motor for 250 Watts power with electronic
commutation system is selected (Figure 2). Brushless DC Motors (BLDC) have many
preferred compared to mechanically commuted DC motors because BLDC motors
have permanent magnet , electronically commuted, No winding on rotors, frictionless
operation, less noise and more uniform torque.
10
 3.3.11 Electrical accelerator :
An electrical signal accelerator works on the principle of Hall Affect
generator, which produces speed controlling signals based on the rotation of the
actuator.
3.4 Hub Motor
The hub motor is a conventional DC motor. The rotor (Fig.2) is outside the
stator with the permanent magnets mounted on inside. The stator (Fig.3) is
mounted and fixed onto the axle and the hub will be made to rotate by
alternating currents supplied through batteries. Hub motor generates high torque at
low speed, which is highly efficient and which doesn’t need sprockets, brackets
and drive chains. This means they are very reliable and have a long life. The main
characteristic of Brushless DC Machines is that they may be controlled to give wide
constant power speed ranges.

Fig.2 hub motor rotor

Fig. 3 Hub motor stator

11
 Table 1: Specifications of Hub Motor

Type of motor Hub motor

Design of Motor BLDC (Brushless DC)
Power Rating 250W
Torque 12 N-m
Speed (rpm) 300
Rated Voltage (V) 24
Efficiency (%) ≥80
Noise(dB) <65
Weight(kg) 4

3.5 Solar Panels

The bicycle is operated by solar energy. The lead acid battery is charged with solar
energy with the help of a solar cell. Solar cells convert the energy of sunlight directly
into electricity through the use of the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic
effect involves the creation of a voltage into an electro-magnetic radiation.
Solar cells are electrically connected and fabricated as a module with a sheet of
glass
on top to allow light to pass and protect the semiconductor from the weather. To
obtain a desired peak DC voltage we will add solar cells in series, and to obtain
a desired peak current, the solar cells are put in parallel position (Fig.4).

Fig.4 Solar panel

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Table 2: Specifications of solar panels

Maximum Power (Watt) 20

Charging Current (Amp) 1.13
Open Circuit Voltage (V) 21.5
Max Power Voltage (V) 17.7
Short Circuit Current 1.30
Power Measured at 1000W per m2 at
Standard Test Condition 250C
Lifespan 25 years
Maximum System Voltage (V) 600

3.6 Voltage Regulator

It is essential to regulate the voltage output from the solar panel before it is
supplied to the battery. A voltage regulator is a power converter with an output
DC voltage greater than the input DC voltage. This is used to regulate an input
voltage to a higher regulated voltage.

The output of the solar panel is not always be stable due to fluctuations in intensity
of sunlight, angular changes with respect to the direction of sunlight, as well as
other environmental factors. The output of the solar panel is the input of the
boost converter, which then outputs into the battery for charging. Because the output
of the solar panel will be varying constantly, we need a voltage regulator/boost
converter that will take an input from a wide range of voltages and output a
specific, constant voltage value.
A voltage regulator/boost converter is a power converter that will take in a DC
voltage and output a higher value DC voltage. Our voltage regulator/boost
converter requires output of the solar panel, which can range from 0V to 27.2V, and
output for charging of the battery.
We were initially attracted to the SPV Instruments (Fig.5, Fig.6) Module because
it
has the characteristics of taking in an input range of 9.6V to 13.2V and
outputting 24V at a maximum of 2-3 amps .This SPV has an area of 2.5 square
inches so it is also small in size, which makes
13 it very feasible to be placed anywhere
on the bicycle.
We go through the battery voltage & we need to supply 24V in order to charge it.

Fig. 5 Circuit diagram of Voltage regulator

Fig. 6 Voltage regulator

Table 3: Specification of solar charger

Output Voltage 24 V
Open Circuit Voltage 26.8 V
Amp- Hour Rating 10 A

3.7 Lead Acid Battery

Lead acid batteries (Fig.7) are one of the most popular types of battery
in electronics. Although slightly lower in energy density than lithium metal, lead
acid is safe, provided certain precautions are met when charging and discharging.
This have
14
a many advantages over other conventional types of batteries, the lead acid battery
is the optimum choice for a solar assisted bicycle.
Current supplied from battery indicates the flow of energy from the battery and
is measured in amperes (or Amps). The higher the current flow faster the battery
will
discharge. A battery is rated in ampere-hours (abbreviated Ah) and this is called
the battery capacity. (Fig.8)
This project revolves around supplying and utilizing energy within a high
voltage battery (Fig.9). It demands for a battery with longer running hours, lighter
weight with respect to its high output voltage and higher energy density. Among all
the existing rechargeable battery systems, the lead acid cell technology is the most
efficient and practical choice for the desired application. The battery chosen for this
project was a high capacity lead acid battery pack designed specifically for vehicles.
Plastic casing is provided to house the internal components of the battery.

Fig. 7 Parts of lead acid battery cell

Fig. 8 Lead acid battery

15
 Fig 9 Charge per cell of lead acid battery

Table 4: Specifications of lead acid battery

Type of battery Sealed lead Acid

Size 120X140X356mm

Number of batteries 3
Volt 12V
age
35Ah
Amp Hour rating
25.4V
Standby battery voltage
28.7V
Open Circuit Voltage (V)
8-9hrs
Charging time
Good
Safety
400
Charge Cycle
-10
Operating Temperature to
60°C

3.8 Motor Controller

The motor controller (Fig.11) is an important component of the system. It is essential to
control the amount of power supplied and to drive the BLDC hub motor. The controller
converts the DC voltage from battery to an alternating voltage with variable amplitude and
frequency that drive the hub motor at different speeds (Fig.12). It basically consists of
MOSFET transistors and small microprocessor that vary from detecting any malfunctions

16
with the motor hall sensors, the throttle, to protect functions against excessive current and
under-voltage, which are ideal for protecting the system.

Fig. 10 Circuit diagram of motor controller

Fig 11 Hub motor controller.

Table 5: Specification of motor controller

System voltage (V) 24

Max. load output current 25
End of charge voltage (V) 27.4
Boost charge voltage (V) 28.8
Ambient temperature (ºC) 0-50

17
3.9 Accelerator Throttle
The maximum speed of a bicycle is 20-25 km/h. It is required to vary the speed
depending upon the road conditions & traffic. Therefore an accelerator or a throttle
(Fig.12) is necessary.
Throttle allows us to drive the motor from zero speed to full speed. The throttle
is fitted on right side of the handle bar and is connected to controller. The
throttle converts DC voltage from battery to an alternating voltage with variable
amplitude and frequency that drives the hub motor at different speeds. It consists of
MOSFET transistors and a small microprocessor.
This throttle is technically referred to as a Hall Effect type. The throttle has
three
wires contains a black, red, and green. The supply voltage is via red and black wires
and is usually around 4 volts. Green wire voltage increases as the throttle is turned.

Fig.12 Throttle

Table 6: Specifications of accelerator

Supply Voltage (V) 24

Return Voltage (V) 4
Max. load output current (A) 25
Handle Bar Diameter(mm) 22

18
3.10 Assembly of Solar Panel & Power Transmission System:

Fig. 13 Fabricated Solar roof top Electric Bicycle

The fabrication process involves fixing the different components to the frame of the
bicycle. The motor is fixed to the front wheel shaft with proper alignment so that
the weights are perfectly balanced. A battery casing in which 3 Li batteries of 12
V, 12Ah are fixed to frame and wiring are drawn from battery to motor so as to
transmit power from battery to motor. Also wiring for speed control is also
incorporated. Two solar panels are mounted on the roof top with newly fabricated roof
top attached to the cycle. A solar charge controller is placed below the rear solar
panel. Appropriate wiring is done to charge the battery through a jack for AC
charging. This makes it possible to charge the battery either by solar power
(Figure 4) or by electrical charging. The speed controller mounted in the handle
cuts off the power supply to the motor and stops it [3]. The same brake stops the
cycle with conventional friction brake. The braking system stops motor as well as
cycle simultaneously.
The solar assisted bicycle (Fig.13) is driven by DC motor fitted in front
axle housing & operated by solar energy. The solar panel mounted on the
carriage is charge the battery & which in turn drive the hub motor. When the
bicycle is idle during the day, the solar panel will charge the battery. The
system will make bicycle operate more efficiently
19
 4.IMPACT ASSESSMENT

1. Who are the stakeholders of the project/proposed action?

Ans- Students who are carrying out the project
work.
2. Are project objectives consistent with their needs, interests and capacity?
Ans- Yes, the objectives satisfy the need for the present
investigation on current scenario of increase in fuel prices,
pollution contentin atmosphere and due to gradual end of the non-
renewable sources of energy we have to alter the source of our
energyin our vehicles
3. What social and cultural factors affect the ability of stakeholders to
participate or benefit from the proposed policy or project?
Ans- Stake holders will be benefited from the experimentation as the project
proposes an alternative to the conventional fuel used in present engines.
The
electric bicycle is an electrical-assisted device that is designed to deliver
the electromagnetic momentums to a present bicycle therefore relieving the
user
of producing the energy essential to run the bicycle
Both the stakeholders can contribute in reducing or eliminating
the
environmentally hazardous emissions from the engines by utilizing solar
energy.
4. What will be the impact of the project or program on the various
stakeholders, especially women and vulnerable groups?
Ans- In the current study, BPL people of India can be considered as
vulnerable group. As mentioned in the previous points, they will get direct
benefit from the project
5. Are there plans to mitigate adverse impacts?
Ans- No, there are no adverse impacts in the current study.
21
4.2: Environmental and sustainability Factors

1. Describe any likely impacts on vegetation, plants, animals,

soils,
watercourses, drainage.
Ans- The electric bicycle is an electrical-assisted device that is designed
to deliver the electromagnetic momentums to a present bicycle
therefore
relieving the user of producing the energy essential to run the bicycle. As the
cycle runs on solar energy therefore there is no impact on vegetation, plants,
animals, soils, watercourses, drainage.
2. Describe likely impacts on any historic heritage sites.
Ans- No, there will be no impact on any historic heritage sites.
3. Describe any noise, water, air, dust, lighting, odour or vibration impacts
from the activity.
Ans- There will be no noise, water, air, lighting impacts from the activities in
the project. The aim of the project is to design a scooter with renewable
solar
energy. Solar Bike aims to be a small research and development business that
develops renewable technology and helps everyone start riding electric
bicycles around rather than using their cars. We firmly believe that using solar
powered bicycles is one of the best methods of reducing our dependence on
fossil fuels and minimizing environmental damage caused by carbon dioxide
emissions.
4. Describe any proposed environmental safeguards addressing the above or
other relevant environmental features.
Ans- Solar Bike aims to be a small research and development business that
develops renewable technology and helps everyone start riding electric
bicycles around rather than using their cars. We firmly believe that using solar
powered bicycles is one of the best methods of reducing our dependence on
fossil fuels and minimizing environmental damage caused by carbon dioxide
emissions.
5. Describe any proposed measures to improve the sustainability and
22
environmental performance of the activity, including:
transport, waste management and recycling, energy and
water use
 Ans- A solar electric electric bicycle, is a basic type of automobile which can
run both on solar power as well as electricity. With an unhealthy hike in the
prices of petrol and diesel, an automobile running on solar power can create
a trend. This kind of a electric bicycle is user friendly.

4.3 BUDGET ALLOCATION

Expenditure head Estimated Remarks
Expense
Study Resources Free KIIT -SME Library
Materials for experiments 23,500 Bicycle, Battries, Hub motor,
Throttle, Controller, Solar panel,
Solar charger controller, Wire &
Fabrication
Report preparation 500 Binding and cover
Any other Nil NA

23
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
5.1 Charging the Battery

The charging of the battery is done by solar energy. As it takes approximately 11

hours from being fully charged, but as solar energy with high intensity is not present
for the full time of a day, for this reason charging was done in two different days in
the full sunshine. The level of increasing charges by day time is shown in Fig. 14, in
which level of charges (%) exists in the vertical axis and time of day is on the
horizontal axis. Also, the standard deviation is shown in Fig. 14.The experimental
data were taken on six different days. For charging the battery fully, every time two
days were taken. The experimental date for charging the battery was 27th to 31st march
2018. Theoretically, the charging profile should be linear, but not exact in our study
because the solar intensity on the panel varies by time of the day. After 60% level of
charge, the slope was downward because data was aken on the next day morning. At
the end of charging, the rate of charging the battery was slow because the reaction rate
of the battery was slow. Also, as Fig. 14 shows the standard deviation too, from the
graph it was found that the maximum level of standard deviation is only 1.527 which
is really small. So finally it can be said that the similar characteristic of charging
is found for all the different days.

Fig. 14 Level of charge vs day time curve

25
5.2 Discharging the battery with a solar panel

The battery was connected to the motor that runs the solar tricycle. While running the
tricycle discharging was started. Discharging the battery while running the tricycle
is a linear phenomenon. Fig. 15 shows the relation between the levels of charges
(%) with a time of the tricycle. It clearly displays the decreasing of the storing
energy due to consumption with the increasing of time.Discharging of the profile of
the battery with solar panel is shown in Fig. 15. On Fig. 15, the level of charge is
reduced from 100% to 15%. Theoretically, the discharge curve should be linear, but
on Fig. 15 it slightly deviates from the linear phenomena. It took approximately
3 hours for discharging the battery. It was found from the discharge curve that in
the first half hour battery lost its 8% storage energy. But for the next every half
hour discharge percentage was 17%, 15%, 11%, 14% and 20% respectively.

Fig. 15 Level of charge utilization vs time curve

5.3 Charging and Discharging Simultaneously

In this portion two curves were found, one of which represents discharging the battery
without connecting to the solar panel and the second one shows the discharging
characteristics of the battery when it is connected to the solar panel. The variation of
the level of charges with discharging without solar and discharge with solar is the
main outcome of Fig. 16.Fig. 16 shows the two curves of discharging the battery. The

26
green line on the curve indicates discharging the battery without solar panel and the
red line indicates discharging the battery when the solar is acting. Red line curve
passed over the green line curve because some charge was accumulated in the battery
during discharging. As a result, the red line ends at 31 km which is 6 km far from the
green line end point. It shows the performance of solar assisted tricycle. So
by activating the solar panel during discharge of the battery, solar tricycle runs more
24% than the running without the solar panel.

Fig. 16 Level of charge utilization vs distance curve

27
6.. CONCLUSION:
Solar energy, a renewable source of energy is an upcoming form, which if
properly used, can give rise to tremendous energy which can further be used in
different forms. Research is still in progress on applications like solar powered
automobiles, solar powered steam turbines, etc. Solar assisted bicycle is modification
of existing bicycle and driven by solar energy. It is suitable for both city and country
roads, that are made of cement, asphalt, or mud. This bicycle is cheaper, simpler
in construction & can be widely used for short distance travelling especially by
school children, college students, office goers, villagers, postmen etc. It is very much
suitable for young, aged, handicap people and caters the need of economically poor
class of society. It can be operated throughout the year free of cost. The most
important feature of this bicycle is that it does not consume valuable fossil fuels
thereby saving crores of foreign currencies. It is ecofriendly & pollution free, as it
does not have any emissions. Moreover it is noiseless and can be recharged with the
AC adapter in case of emergency and cloudy weather. The operating cost per
kilometer is minimal, around Rs.0.70/km. It can be driven by manual pedalling in
case of any problem with the solar system. It has fewer components, can be easily
mounted or dismounted, thus needs less maintenance.

2. Scope for further Improvement

· We can mount the alternator on back wheel so that it can reduce the effort
when the alternator is engaged.
· The design of the cycle should be aerodynamic to reduce the air drag to
increase the speed.
· Battery of higher volts can be used according to the requirement.
· Stress analysis can be done for proper balancing ofthe electric bicycle.
· Use of gear shifter to reduce further effort.
· Electronic Display system can be used to know the amount of battery left.
· It should be made ergonomically.

29
7.REFERENCE:
1 Singh, R., Gaur, M. K., Malvi, C. S. "Study of Solar Energy Operated Hybrid
Mild Cars: A Review." International Journal of Scientific Engineering
and Technology. 1(4), pp. 139-148. 2012.
2 Bachche, A. B., Hanamapure, N. S. "Design and Development of solar assisted
Bicycle." International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology
(IJEIT). 2(6), pp. 452-457. 2012.
3 Alisaa, K., Ankita R., Shivangi, S. "Solar Powered Vehicle." International
Journal of Electronics Electrical and Computational System. 3(3), pp.
110-115. 2014.
4 Jeyaraman, P., Praveen, V., Rajamurugu, N. "Fabrication of Solar Electric
Tricycle for Handicapped Person." International Journal of Pure and
Applied
Research in Engineering and Technology. 3(4), pp. 285-292. 2014
5 Singh, R., Gaur, M. K., Malvi, C. S. "Study of Solar Energy Operated Hybrid
Mild Cars; A Review." International Journal of Scientific Engineering and
Technology. 1(4), pp. 139-148. 2012.
6 Sankar, R., Pushpaveni, T., Prakash, R. "Design and Development of Solar
Assisted Bicycle."International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications. 3(3), pp. 452-457. 2013.
7 Arsie, I., Rizzo, G., Sorrentino, M. "A Model for the Optimal Design of a Hybrid
Solar Vehicle."Review of Automotive Engineering.29, pp.439-447. 2008.

31