DAV INSTITUTIONS

ODISHA ZONE- 1

Biology, CLASS---XI
CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
Prepared By:
Ms Madhusrabani Patro
DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL, BERHAMPUR
Book Link: PDF format
file:///E:/Downloads/CBSE-class-11-NCER
T-Book-Biology-CELL-CYCLE-AND-CEL
L-DIVISION-chapter-10.pdf
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this presentation the students will be able to….
• Define cell cycle.
• Recognise all the stages of mitosis and meiosis
• Relate meiosis with variation and mitosis with growth.
• Distinguish between meiosis I and meiosis II.
• Summerise Prophase I of meiosis.
• Construct model of mitosis.
• Use the knowledge of crossing over for understanding evolution.
• Justify the genetic variation with meiosis.
• Debate on the significance of meiosis in haploid and diploid organism.
• Create mind map and diagramatic presentation of cell division.
 The story of Mrs Cell
I have
to keep
everyt
hing
double

Mrs Cell
Mrs Cell is
expecting twins

Daughter
cells
 INTRODUCTION What do you mean by cell division?

Cell divides like

this???

Yes

Every organism begins its life with a single cell, then goes
on to form large organisms. All cells reproduce by
dividing into two daughter cells each time they divide.
These daughter cells can grow and divide to give rise a
new cell population. Such cycles of growth and division
allows a single cell to produce a multicellular organism.
 Cell Cycle
• The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its
genome, synthesizes the other constituents of the cell and
eventually divides into two daughter cells is termed cell
cycle.
• The time period required to complete one cell cycle is
called generation time, like in bacterial cell it is 20 mins,
in Yeast it is 90 mins, 20 hrs for onion root tip and for
humans it is 22 hrs when growing in culture medium.
• The cell cycle is divided into two basic phases:
 Interphase
M Phase
 Interphase “The resting phase”
• Cell growth and replication takes place in an orderly manner
• Howard and Pele divided the cell cycle into four phases.
• G1(Gap 1) ,S (synthesis), G2 (Gap 2) and M phase and spindle check points. Checkpoints
are stages where a cell cycle may be stopped if the circumstances are not right for cell
division.
• G1 Phase:(Post mitotic phase)
 This is the longest phase in the cell cycle, but for rapidly dividing cells it is short.
 Cell grows in this phase and synthesises proteins and enzymes for DNA replication.
 Cells that are more differentiated (e.g heart cell)may withdraw from the cycle in G1
and enter into a quiescent stage called G0.
 These cells unable to proliferate but metabolically active.
 The decision for cell division occurs in G1 phase.
• S phase-
 The DNA content doubles by
replication in nucleus.
 So the DNA content becomes 4C but
the chromosome number remains 2n.
 In animal cells centriole also
duplicates.
• G2 phase (pre mitotic phase)
 RNA and Proteins are synthesised for
spindle formation for mitosis while cell
growth continuous.
 Cell organelles doubles.
 Cytoplasmic and nucleus content
increases.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsrH050wnIA
refer to the above link for Cell cycle
 . SOMETHING
EXTRA

• G1 /S checkpoint- The checkpoint asseses extra cellular growth factors or mitogens and
intracellular nutritional state. Lack of mitogens can halt the cell cycle at this point and the
cell enters the G0 phase.
• G2/M Checkpoint- it ensures the success of DNA replication.
• Spindle checkpoints- it operates at the begiining of anaphase . It assesses whether all
chromosomes are attached to the spindle or not.
• Passage through the above checkpoints controlled by specific protein kinases that take part
in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.For the activity of protein kinases a number of
protein simulators are required which are called cyclins. The protein kinases are thus
called Cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks)or mitosis promoting factors (MPF).
 Mitosis
Mitosis was first observed by Strasberger
in plant cell. Mitosis
Boveri and Flemming observed it in
animal cell.
The term mitosis was coined by
Flemming.
The number of chromosomes remains the
karyokinesis cytokinesis
same in parent and in the daughter cell.
Hence called as the equational division.
Mostly occurs in the somatic cells.
It occurs in two steps: karyokinesis and
cytokinesis.
 Karyokinesis
• It is the nuclear division.
• It occurs through 4 stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase

Prophase (pro- first, phasis- stage)

 Prophase is marked by the initiation of condensation
of chromosomal material. Prophase in animal cell
The completion of prophase can thus be marked by the
following characteristic events:
 Chromosomal material condenses to form compact mitotic
chromosomes. Chromosomes are seen to be composed of two
chromatids attached together at the centromere.
Initiation of the assembly of mitotic spindle.
All organells and nuclear membrane starts to dissappear.
Prophase in plant cell
 Metaphase
• Small disc-shaped structures at the surface of the
centromeres are called kinetochores.
• The metaphase is characterised by all the
chromosomes coming to lie at the equator Thus
forming metaphase plate. Metaphase in animal cell
• Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of
chromosomes.
• Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator and get
aligned along metaphase plate through spindle fibres
to both poles.

Metaphase in plant cell

 Anaphase
• Centromeres split and chromatids separate.
• Chromatids move to opposite poles.
• Anaphasic chromosomes forms V,L,J and I shapes basing
upon the position of centromere .
Anaphase in animal cell

Anaphase in plant cell

 Telophase
• The chromosomes that have reached their
respective poles decondense and lose
their individuality.
Telophase in animal cell
• Nuclear envelope assembles around the
chromosome clusters.
• Nucleolus, golgi complex and ER reform.

Telophase in plant cell

 Cytokinesi
s
• The cell itself is divided into two daughter cells
by a separate process called cytokinesis
• In an animal cell, this is achieved by the
appearance of a furrow in the plasma membrane.
• The furrow gradually deepens and ultimately
joins in the centre dividing the cell cytoplasm
into two.
• In plant cells, wall formation starts in the centre
of the cell and grows outward to meet the
existing lateral walls.
• The formation of the new cell wall begins with
the formation of a simple precursor, called the
cell-plate that represents the middle lamella
between the walls of two adjacent cells.
 Test yourself….
1. If a diploid cell have 6 chromosomes (2n= 6) then, find out what
happens to the chromosome content and DNA content during S
phase, metaphase and in daughter cells?
2. In plant cell cytokinesis occurs by _________________formation.
3. The two sister chromatids are attached with each other by
_______________.
4. Where does synthesis of DNA takes place?
5. Mention the important features of the given phases: G2 phase and
Anaphase.
Click the link -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7nULEPID7g

Mitosis
 Significance of mitosis
• Growth occurs due to mitosis in multicellular
organisms.
• Restore the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio.
. cell repair.
• Unicellular organisms reproduce by mitosis.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwAFZb8juMQ
 Meiosis
• Meiosis was first discovered by Oscar Hertwig in sea urchin eggs in 1876.
• Meiosis was first described by Van Benedin, at the level of chromosome.
• The term ‘meiosis’ was coined by Farmer and Moore.
• It occurs in diploid cells.
• Meiosis occurs during sexual reproduction of organisms. In diploid organisms in the
meiocytes to produce haploid gametes and in haploid organism it occurs in zygote, to
restore the ploidy.
• Meiosis involves two sequential cycles of nuclear and cell division called meiosis I
and meiosis II but only a single cycle of DNA replication.
• Meiosis I is initiated after the parental chromosomes have replicated to produce
identical sister chromatids at the S phase.
• Four haploid cells are formed at the end of meiosis II.
Meiotic events can be grouped under the following phases:
 Prophase I
Leptotene
• During leptotene stage the
chromosomes become gradually
visible . The compaction of
chromosomes continues throughout
leptotene.
Zygotene
•During this stage chromosomes start pairing together
and this process of association is called synapsis.
•Such paired chromosomes are called homologous
chromosomes.
• Chromosome synapsis,formation of synaptonemal
complex.
 Pachytene

• During this stage bivalent chromosomes now clearly Crossing over

appears as tetrads.
• This stage is characterised by the appearance of Pachytene
recombination nodules.
• Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material
between two homologous chromosomes.which is an
enzyme-mediated process and the enzyme involved
is called recombinase.
• Crossing over leads to recombination of genetic
material on the two chromosomes.
  Diplotene
• The beginning of diplotene is recognised by
the dissolution of the synaptonemal complex
• These X-shaped structures, are called
chiasmata. In oocytes of some vertebrates,
diplotene can last for months or years.
Diakinesis
•The final stage of meiotic prophase I
•Marked by terminalisation of chiasmata.
•The chromosomes are fully condensed and the meiotic
spindle is assembled to prepare the homologous
chromosomes for separation.
• By the end of diakinesis, the nucleolus disappears and
the nuclear envelope also breaks down.
Microscopic visualisation of different
stages of prophase I.
 Metaphase I
• The bivalent chromosomes align on the
equatorial plate. The microtubules from
the opposite poles of the spindle attach
to the pair of homologous chromosomes.
Anaphase I
•The homologous chromosomes separate,
while sister chromatids remain associated at
their centromeres.
•The reduction in chromosomes takes place
in this stage.
 Telophase I
• The nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, cytokinesis follows and
this is called as diad of cells. Although in many cases the chromosomes
do undergo some dispersion, they do not reach the extremely extended
state of the interphase nucleus.
• The stage between the two meiotic divisions is called interkinesis and
is generally short lived.
• Interkinesis is followed by prophase II, a much simpler prophase than
prophase I.
 Prophase II
Meiosis II Metaphase II

• Meiosis II is initiated •At this stage the

immediately after chromosomes align at the
cytokinesis, usually before equator and the
the chromosomes have microtubules from opposite
fully elongated. In contrast
poles of the spindle get
to meiosis I, meiosis II
resembles a normal mitosis. attached to the kinetochores
of sister chromatids.
• The nuclear membrane
disappears by the end of
prophase II.
 Anaphase II Telophase II
• It begins with the •Meiosis ends with telophase II,
simultaneous splitting of in which the two groups of
the centromere of each chromosomes once again get
chromosome (which was enclosed by a nuclear envelope;
holding the sister
cytokinesis follows resulting in
chromatids together),
allowing them to move the formation of tetrad of cells
toward opposite poles of i.e., four haploid daughter cells
the cell.
 Cytokinesis
• Cytokinesis is either of successive type or simultaneous type.
• In successive type cytokinesis occurs after meiosis I and produces two daughter cells and
each daughter cell undergoes meiosis II to produce four cells.
• In simultaneous type, cytokinesis occurs after meiosisII forming four daughter cells at a
time, a tetrad.

Significance of Meiosis
• Meiosis leads to production of gametes, that are essential for sexual reproduction.
• Meiosis maintains the fixed number of chromosomes in sexually reproducing organisms by
forming haploid gametes.
• It brings variation through crossing over which is necessary for evolution.
 Watch meiosis through this link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5hA0WCv1lg
Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis
 Test yourself…..

1. The reduction of no of chromosomes occurs in ________________

stage of meiosis.
2. Chiasma formation occurs in_______________.
3. If a cell of frog skin consists 26 chromosomes, then the frog will
contain_______________ number of chromosomes in its egg.
4. Meiosis involves ____________number of nuclear divisions and
____________number of chromosome division.
5. Draw the diagram of a cell (2n=8) ,at Anaphase I.
 CELL CYCLE

INTERPHASE M PHASE

MITOSIS MEIOSIS
G1 PHASE S PHASE G2 PHASE

DNA RNA AND

CELL GROWS
REPLICATION PROTEIN
ENZYME AND SYNTHESIS
PROTEIN CENTRIOLE
REPLICATES ORGANELLS CYTOKINESIS KARYOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS
SYNTHESIS KARYOKINESIS
DOUBLE

MEIOSIS I

PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I TELOPHASE I

PROPHASE I

MEIOSIS II
LEPTOTENE EZYGOTENE PACHYTENE DIPLOTENE DIAKINESIS

PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHSE II TELOPHASE II

 Learning outcomes Resources
•NCERT book and the link given below
A learner can •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsrH050wnIA
• Define cell cycle and its stages •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwAFZb8juMQ

•Describe mitosis with its importance. •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7nULEPID7g

•Construct a model/an art integration on
chromosomal behavior in cellcycle and mitosis. •NCERT book
•Justify that variation is due to crossing over. •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5hA0WCv1lg
•Explain the significance of meiosis in diploid and •NCERT book
haploid organisms. •Slide number 33 of This PPT
•Can create concept map of cell cycle and cell
division.
 Work sheets and model question paper
• Work sheet 01 (Basic)
https://drive.google.com/file/d/14UHqL24rEtq5SEEOh4B8IlWge6Zsw0YG/view?usp=sharing

• Work sheet 02(Standard)

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Pn5M0nR_p0ceQzkOvOMiphFkK5Z0okwA/view?usp=sharing

• Work Sheet 03(Advance)

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QLFhzZvSR5zwbe8TAGk9QLxuRNzKdRu3/view?usp=sharing

• Model question Paper

https://drive.google.com/file/d/126ioZLTuvdJIlO5DLZw0QEuBR7_Cni1x/view?usp=sharing

• Answer Scheme
https://drive.google.com/file/d/17fhif4H15GM1Gf4tx-iutLEIijTfyZte/view?usp=sharing
THANK YOU