Lecture-5

Welcome to the presentation

on
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION (EDE)
Presented by
Dr. Mohammed Nasir Uddin
Professor
Dept. of ICT
Faculty of Science and Technology(FST),
Bangladesh University of Professionals
(BUP)
 Objectives:
Introduction

Learning outcomes

Definition of EDE

Rules of EDE

Applications of DEs

Review

Home Work
 Learning outcomes

After my discussion you will be able to understand the

following contents:
Solve a variety of equations using the separation of
variables technique

Different types of Rule

Exactness of DEs

Applications
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Ch – 2 (Section – 2.8)
Exact / Perfect differential:
Let M and N both are functions of x, y. If Mdx + Ndy=0
is obtained by differentiating f(x,y) = c
then Mdx + Ndy=0 is called exact differential.
Example: Given the equation is
xy = c … … (1)
 d(xy) = 0
 xdy + ydx = 0 … … (2)
Since (2) is obtained by differentiating (1), so (2) is called
exact differential.
 EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Ch – 2 (Section – 2.8)

Exact differential equations:

If any differential equation has exact differential
then this is called exact differential equation.
The above equ (1) is exact differential equation.
Integrating factor:
A differential equation is multiplied by a factor and then
the equation become integrable, such factor is called
integrating factor.
It is denoted by I.F.
Example: (RH /27/2.9)
State and prove the necessary and sufficient condition for exactness of the differential
equation .
Or
M N
The differential equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 is exact if and only if 
y x

Proof : See Book

Theorem :
1  M N   f  x dx will be the integrating factor of
If   f  x  then e
N  y 
x 
the differentialequation Mdx  Ndy  0
Theorem :
1  N M   f  y dy
If 

 

 f  
y then e will be the integrating factor of
M  x y 
the differentialequation Mdx  Ndy  0
 Working Rules: (RH /32)

Rule- 1:

M N
If  then the equation Mdx  Ndy  0 is exact.
y x
 Mdx    N is independent of x  dy  c
y cons tan t

Example : DE / AY/48/1
Solve the problem 3x  2 y  5 dx   2 x  3 y  5 dy  0
Solution : Given equation is
3x  2 y  5 dx   2 x  3 y  5  dy  0 ... (1)
Here M  3x  2 y  5 and N  2 x  3 y  5
M N
  2 and 2
y x
M N
Since  so the equation 1 is exact.
y x
  Mdx    N is independent of x   c
ycons tan t 1
  3x  2 y  5 dx   3 y  5  dy  c1
ycons tan t
 3 xdx  2 y  dx  5 dx  3 ydy  5 dy  c
1
x2 y2
3  2 yx  5 x  3 5y  c
2 2 1
 3x 2  4 xy  10 x  3 y 2  10 y  2c
1
2 2 Home Work:
 3x  4 xy  3 y  10 x  10 y  c Example – 1,2,3,4
This is the required equation Exercise: 3,6,9,10
 Working Rules: (RH /34)

Rule- 2:

M N
If the equation Mdx  Ndy  0 is not exact i.e.  .
y x
But both M and N are homogeneous and Mx  Ny  0
1
then the given equation multiply by I .F  .
Mx  Ny
Then the equation is exact.
Hence the equation can be solved by Rule  1.

Problem:
Example Page35
: DE / AY/56/ Ex  4(viii )


Solve the problem x  ydx  x3  y 3 dy  0 
Solution : Given equation is

 
x  ydx  x3  y 3 dy  0 ... (1)

Here M  x 2 y and N  x3  y 3
M N
  x  and  3x 2
y x
M N
Since  so the equation 1 is not exact but homogenous.
y x
Now, Mx  Ny  x 2 y.x    x 3  y 3  y
 
 
x3 x3
   y4   y4  0
y y
1
Integration factor I.F. 
Mx  Ny
1
Now equation multiply by  then the equation is exact.
y 4

x2 y x3  y3
dx  dy  0
y 4 y 4
 x3 1
x2   dy  o ...... (2)
 dx  
y3  y4

y

 x2 x3 1
Here, M   and N  
y 3 y 3 y

  Mdx    N is independent of x  dy  c
1
y cons tan t
x2 1
   dx   dy c
3 y 1
y cons tan t y
x2
  ln y  ln c  0
3y 3

x3
 ln  cy  
3 y3
This isthe required solution.

Home Work:
Example –Page35
Exercise: 1,4
 Working Rules: (RH /36)

Rule- 3:
If the differentialequation is f  xy  y dx    xy  x dy  0
and it is not exact.
M N
i.e.  .but Mx  Ny  0.
y x
1
Then the given equationmultiply by I .F 
Mx  Ny
So the equation is exact.
Hence the equation can be solved by Rule  1.

Problem: : DE / AY/51/ 5
Example
Solve the problem y1  xy  dx  1  xy  xdy  0
Solution : Given equation is
y 1 
xy  dx  1  xy  xdy  0 ... (1)
Here M  1  xy  y and N  1  xy  x
 M  y  xy 2 and N  x  x 2 y
M N
  1  2 xy and  1  2 xy
y x
M N
Since  so the equation 1 is not exact.
y x
But the equation isof the form f  xy  y dx    xy  x dx  0

 
Now, Mx  Ny  y  xy 2 x  x  x 2 y y  
 Mx  Ny  xy  x 2 y 2  xy  x 2 y 2
 Mx  Ny  2 x 2 y 2  0
1
Integration factor I.F. 
Mx  Ny
1
Now multiply equation (1) by , we get
2
2x y 2
1  xy  y dx  1  xy  x dy  0
2x 2 2 y 2x2 2 y
 1  xy   1  xy 
   dx    dy  0
 2x2 y 2   2 xy 2 
   
 1 1  1 1 
   dx     dy  0 ...... (2)
 x2 y x   xy 2 y 
   
which is exact.
 1 1 1 1
Here, M   and N  
x2 y x xy 2 y
  Mdx    N is independent of x   c
ycons tan t
 1 1   1
     dx      dx  c
 2
ycons tan t  x y x   y
1 dx dx dy
  2    c
y x x y
1 1
     ln x  ln y  c
y x
1
  ln x  ln y  c
xy
This is the required solution.

Home Work:
Example – Page
Exercise: 4
 Working Rules: (RH /37)

Rule- 4: If the differentialequation Mdx  Ndy  0 is not exact.

M N 1  M N 
i.e.  . But    is only function of x.
y x N  y x 
1  M N 
i.e.     f  x
N  y x 
 f  x dx
Then the given equation multiply by I .F  e
So the equation is exact.
Hence the equation can be solved by Rule  1.

Problem: Page38
Example : DE / AY/56/Ex- 5(i )

Solve the problem  

x 2  y 2  x dx  xydy  0
Solution : Given equation is

 x 2  y 2  x  dx  xy dy  0 ... (1)

Here M  x 2 y 2  x and N  xy
M N
  2 y and  y
y x
M N
Since  so the equation 1 is not exact.
y x
M N
Now   2y  y
y x
1  M N  y
 
 y
  

N  x  xy
1  M N  1
 
 y
  

, Which is only function of x.
N  x  x

1 dx
Integration factor I.F.  e  x
Now multiply equation (1) by x, we get

 x 2  y 2  x  x dx  xyx dy  0 ... (2)

M  x3  xy 2  x 2 and N  x 2 y
M N
 2 xy and  2 xy
y x
which is exact.
  Mdx    N is independent of x  dy  c
1
y cons tan t

  x3  xy 2  x 2  dx  ody c
   
1
 
y cons tan t
x 4 x 2 y  x3
   c
4 2 3
3x 4  6 x 2 y 2  yx3  c
This is the required solution.

Home Work:
Example – Page
Exercise: 1,4
 Working Rules: (RH /38)

Rule- 5: If the differentialequation Mdx  Ndy  0 is not exact.

M N 1  N M 
i.e.  . But 

  is only function of y.

y x M  x y 
1  N M 
i.e. 
 x
  f

 y
M  y 
f  y dy
Then the given equation multiply by I .F  e 
So the equation is exact.
Hence the equation can be solved by Rule  1.

Problem: : DE / AY/54/ 7
Example
Solve the problem y ln y dx   x  ln y  dy  0

Solution: Try Yourself

 Home Work
Book- RH

Rule-I
Art: 2.8- Example: 1,2,3,4
Exercise-2E: 3,6,9,10
Art: 2.11-Example: 1,2,3,4 Exercise: ---
Rule-II (page-34)-Example (page-35)
Rule –III (page-36)-Example: (Page- 36)
Rule –IV (page-37)-Example: (Page- 38)
Rule –V (page-38)-Example: (Page- 38)