PROTEINS

PROTEINS

What is proteins ?
These are large molecules that is composed of one or more chains of
amino acid.
They are essential for the main physiological processes of life and
perform functions in every system of the human body.
 PROTEINS
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTEIN
• They are the most complex and most diverse in chemical composition,
conferring upon the different tissues.
• Protein contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen like the carbohydrates and
lipids, but they also contain nitrogen and often sulphur, phosphorus, iron,
manganese, copper and iodine.
• Proteins are the most abundant molecules in the cells after water.
 PROTEINS
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTEINS
• Serves as structural components of animals in growth, maintenance and
repair.
• Can serve as control molecules inside the organisms.
• Unlike carbohydrates and lipids, only small amounts of protein of protein
is temporarily stored in the body.
• Basic building blocks of proteins are the amino acids.
 AMINO ACIDS

• the building blocks of life.

• are fundamental components of our bodies and vital for physiological
functions.
 AMINO ACIDS

Classification of Amino Acids:

• Essential Amino Acids
• Nonessential Amino Acids
 AMINO ACIDS

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

- cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from food.
 AMINO ACIDS

9 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

• histidine • phenylalanine
• isoleucine • threonine
• leucine • tryptophan
• valine
• lysine
• methionine
 AMINO ACIDS

NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

- an Amino acid that can be made by humans and so is not essential to
the human diet.
 AMINO ACIDS

11 Non Essential Amino Acids

• alanine
• glutamine
• arginine
• glycine
• asparagine
• proline
• aspartic acid
• serine
• cysteine
• tyrosine
• glutamic acid
 BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

This Classification of protein is based on shape or structure and

composition. They are classified into three types; fibrous, globular and
derived protein.
 1. FIBROUS PROTEIN
• They are elongated or fiber like protein.
• Axial ratio (length: breadth ratio) is more than 10
• They are static in nature with simple structure.
• They have less biological functions
• They are mostly present in animals
• Fibrous proteins are further classified as- simple and conjugated
BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

a. SIMPLE FIBROUS PROTEIN:

• Examples – Scleroprotein (Keratine, elastin, collagen, fibroin etc)
• Scleroprotein or Albuminoids – they make animal skeleton and they are
water insoluble.
b. CONJUGATED FIBROUS PROTEINS:
• Examples – pigments present in chicken feather.
BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

2. GLOBULAR PROTEIN:
• They are spherical or globular in shape.
• Axial ratio is always less than 10
• They are dynamic in nature (can flow or move) with higher degree of complexity in
structure.
• They have variety of biological functions
• Examples; enzymes, hormones etc
• Globular protein is further classified on the basis of composition or solubility.
 BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

a. Simple or homo globular protein:

• They are composed of amino acids only.
Examples:
• Protamine - They are positively charged (basic) proteins mostly present in animals and fishes
(sperm).
• Histone - They are basic protein but weak base in comparison to protamine.
• Albumin - It is the most abundant protein in nature.
• Globulin - Pseudoglobulin (water soluble) and Euglobulin (water insoluble)
• Prolamine - They are storage protein found in seeds.
• Glutelins - Water insoluble.
BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

b. Complex or conjugate or hetero globular protein:

• These proteins in which protein are always linked by non-protein moiety
to become functional. So, they are composed of both protein and non-
protein components. The non-protein component is known as prosthetic
group.
 BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

The basis of prosthetic group, they are classified as:

• Metalloprotein: metal prosthetic group such as Hg, Ag, CU, Zn example Ceruloplasmin
• Chromoprotein: colored prosthetic group examples are Haemoglobin, myoglobin,
chlorophyll.
• Glycoprotein/Mucoprotein: carbohydrate as prosthetic group example are Antibody,
complement proteins, Heparin.
• Phosphoprotein: phosphate group as prosthetic group example ovovitellin present in egg
yolk
• Lipoprotein: lipid as prosthetic group example lipovitelline, chylomicrons
BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

3. DERIVED PROTEIN
• These protein are the derivatives of either simple or complex
protein resulting from the action of heat, enzymes and chemicals.
• Some artificially produced protein are included in this group.
• They are classified as primary derived protein and secondary
derived protein.
BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

a. Primary derived protein:

• The derived protein in which the size of protein molecules are not altered materially but only the
arrangement is changed.
Examples:
Proteans - Obtained as a first product after the action of acid or enzymes or water on protein. They are
insoluble in water. Examples edestan, myosin
Metaprotein - They are water insoluble but soluble in dil acid or alkali. Also known as Infraprotein.
Example Curd.
Coagulated protein - They are produced by the action of heat or alcohol on protein. They are insoluble
in water. Example coagulated egg.
BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

b. Secondary derived protein

• The derived protein in which size of original protein are altered .
• Hydrolysis has occurred due to which size of protein molecule are smaller than
original one.
Example
Proteoses - example albumose and globulose
• They are soluble in water
• They are not coagulated by heat.