TISSUES AND HOMEOSTASIS

lecture
Dr Ahmed M Jama
• A tissue: is a group of cells that usually
• have a common embryonic origin and function
together to carry out specialized activities.
• Tissue are group of cells that have similar
structure and act together to perform specific
Function
• the word of tissue come from old french verb
meaning (to weaves)
• The four basic types of tissues in the human
body contribute to homeostasis by providing
diverse functions including
1. protection
2. support
3. communication among cells,
4. and resistance to disease.
 Tissues may be hard (bone),
 semisolid (fat), or
 even liquid (blood) in their consistency.
• the structure and properties of a specifific
tissue are inflfluenced by factors such as the
nature of the extracellular material that
surrounds the tissue cells and the connections
between the cells that compose the tissue.
 TYPES OF TISSUES
• Body tissues can be classifified into four basic
types according to structure and function
• 1. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and
lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts.
It also forms glands.
• 2. Connective tissue protects and supports
the body and its organs. Various types of
connective tissue bind organs together,
• store energy reserves as fat, and help provide
immunity to disease-causing organisms
• 3. Muscular tissue generates the physical
force needed to make body structures move
and generates body heat.
• 4. Nervous tissue detects changes in a variety
of conditions inside and outside the body.
• and responds by generating action potentials
(nerve impulses) that activate muscular
contractions and glandular secretions
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE

• An epithelial tissue (ep-i-THE¯ -le¯-al) or

epithelium (plural is epithelia) consists of cells
arranged in continuous sheets, in either single
or multiple layers.
• Because the cells are closely packed and are
held tightly together by many cell junctions,
• Covering and Lining Epithelium
• The types of covering and lining epithelial
tissue are classifified according to two
characteristics: the arrangement of cells into
• layers and the shapes of the cells
• 1. Arrangement of cells in layers. The cells are
arranged in one or more layers depending on
the functions the epithelium performs:
• A. Simple epithelium is a single layer of cells
that functions
• b. Pseudostratifified epithelium (pseudo-
false) appears to have multiple layers of cells
because the cell nuclei lie at different levels
and not all cells reach the apical surface
• c. Stratifified epithelium (stratum layer)
consists of two or more layers of cells that
protect underlying tissues in locations where
there is considerable wear and tear.
• 2. Cell shapes. The cells vary in shape
depending on their function.
• a. Squamous cells (SKWA¯ -mus flflat) are
arranged like floor tiles and are thin, which
allows for the rapid passage of substances.
b. Cuboidal cells are as tall as they are wide and
are shaped like cubes or hexagons.
• They may have microvilli at their apical
surface and function in either secretion or
absorption.
• c. Columnar cells are much taller than they
are wide, like columns, and protect underlying
tissues.
• Their apical surfaces may have cilia or
microvilli, and they often are specialized for
secretion and absorption.
• d. Transitional cells change shape, from flat to
cuboidal and back, as organs such as the
urinary bladder stretch (distend) to a larger
size and then collapse to a smaller size.
SIMPLE STRAFIED
PSEUDOSTRAFIED

SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL
COLUMNAR
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Connective tissue is one of the most
abundant and widely distributed tissues in the
body
• In its various forms, connective tissue has a
variety of functions. It binds together,
supports, and strengthens other body tissues;
protects and insulates internal organs;
• compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal
muscles; serves as the major transport system
within the body (blood, a fluid connective
tissue); is the primary location of stored
energy reserves (adipose, or fat, tissue); and is
the main source of immune responses
 MUSCULAR TISSUE
• Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells
called muscle fibers or myocytes that can use
ATP to generate force. As a result, muscular
tissue produces body movements,
• maintains posture, and generates heat. It also
provides protection.
• Based on its location and certain structural
and functional features, muscular tissue is
classified into three types:
1) skeletal, muscle tissue
2) cardiac,musle tissue
3) and smooth musle tissue
• Skeletal muscle tissue is named for its location
—it is usually attached to the bones of the
skeleton
• Skeletal muscle is considered voluntary
because it can be made to contract or relax
by conscious control.
• Cardiac muscle tissue forms most of the wall
of the heart Like skeletal muscle, it is striated.
However, unlike skeletal muscle tissue
• it is involuntary; its contraction is not
consciously controlled.
• Smooth muscle tissue is located in the walls of
hollow internal structures such as blood
vessels,
• airways to the lungs, the stomach, intestines,
gallbladder, and urinary bladder
• Its contraction helps constrict or narrow the
lumen of blood vessels, physically break down
and move food along the gastrointestinal
tract, move fluids through the body
• and eliminate wastes products Smooth
muscle fibers are usually involuntary
 nucleus of smooth
muscle

smooth muscle
fiber
• the term smooth A smooth muscle fiber is
small, thickest in the middle, and tapering at
each end. It contains a single, centrally located
nucleus.
• in the wall of the intestines Such muscle
tissues can produce powerful contractions as
many muscle fibers contract in unison
• NERVOUS TISSUE Despite the awesome
complexity of the nervous system, it consists of only
two principal types of cells:: neurons and neuroglia
• Neurons, or nerve cells, are sensitive to various
stimuli. They convert stimuli into electrical signals
called action potentials
• (nerve impulses) and conduct these action
potentials to other neurons, to muscle tissue,
or to glands.
• Most neurons consist of three basic parts: a
cell body and two kinds of cell processes—
dendrites and axons
Dendrite
Nucleus

Nucleus in
cell body

Axon
 TISSUE REPAIR: RESTORING
HOMEOSTASIS
• Tissue repair is the replacement of worn-out,
damaged, or dead cells. New cells originate
by cell division from the stroma the supporting
connective tissue, or from the parenchyma,
• In adults, each of the four basic tissue types
(epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous)
has a different capacity for replenishing
• parenchymal cells lost by damage, disease, or
other processes
• Epithelial cells, which endure considerable
wear and tear (and even injury) in some
locations, have a continuous capacity for
renewal
Some connective tissues also have a continuous
capacity for renewal. One example is bone,
which has an ample blood supply
• Connective tissues such as cartilage can
replenish cells much less readily, in part
because of a smaller blood supply.
• Muscular tissue has a relatively poor capacity
for renewal of lost cells.
• cardiac muscle fibers do not undergo mitosis
to form new cells. Recent evidence suggests
that stem cells do migrate into the heart from
the blood. There, they can differentiate and
replace a limited number of cardiac
• they do so much more slowly than the cells of
epithelial or connective tissues
• Nervous tissue has the poorest capacity for
renewal. Although experiments have revealed
the presence of some stem cells in the
• brain,
• Three factors affect tissue repair: nutrition,
blood circulation, and age
AGING AND TISSUES
Generally, tissues heal faster and leave less
obvious scars in the young than in the aged. In
fact, surgery performed on fetuses leaves no
scars at all. The younger body is generally in a
better nutritional state,
• its tissues have a better blood supply, and its
cells have a higher metabolic rate.
Thus, its cells can synthesize needed materials
and divide more quickly
Glucose, the most abundant sugar in the body,
plays a role in the aging process.
• With advancing age, more cross_x0002_links
form, which contributes to the stiffening and
loss of
elasticity that occur in aging tissues
• END THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION