Çengel

Boles
CHAPTER

3
Thermodynamics

Siklus Rankine
PLTU
dan Pembangkit
Hibrida
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 9-1

The Simple Ideal Rankine Cycle

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 9-2
Rankine Cycle: Actual Vapor Power Deviation
and Pump and Turbine Irreversibilities
(a) Deviation of actual vapor power cycle from the ideal Rankine cycle.
(b) The effect of pump and turbine irreversibilities on the ideal Rankine cycle.

(Fig. 9-4)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 9-3
Effect of Lowering Condenser
Pressure on the Ideal Rankine cycle

(Fig. 9-6)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 9-4
Effect of Increasing Boiler Pressure
on the Ideal Rankine cycle

(Fig. 9-8)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 9-5

The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle

(Fig. 9-11)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 9-6
Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle
with Open Feedwater Heater

(Fig. 9-15)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 9-7
Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle
with Closed Feedwater Heater

(Fig. 9-16)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 9-8
A Steam Power Plant With One Open
and Three Closed Feedwater Heaters

(Fig. 9-17)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 9-9

An Ideal Cogeneration Plant

(Fig. 9-21)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 9-10
Schematic and T-s Diagram for
Example 9-8

(Fig. 9-23)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 9-11
Mercury-Water Binary Vapor
Cycle

(Fig. 9-24)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 9-12

Combined Gas-Steam Power Plant

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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 9-13

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• The Carnot cycle is not a suitable model for vapor
Thermodynamics

power cycles because it cannot be approximated

in practice.

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 9-14

Chapter Summary

• The model cycle for vapor power cycles is the

Çengel
Boles Rankine cycle which is composed of four
Thermodynamics

internally reversible processes: constant-pressure

heat addition in a boiler, isentropic expansion in a
turbine, constant-pressure heat rejection in a
condenser, and isentropic compression in a
pump. Steam leaves the condenser as a saturated
liquid at the condenser pressure.

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 9-15

Chapter Summary
• The thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle can be increased
by increasing the average temperature at which heat is
added to the working fluid and/or by decreasing the average
temperature at which heat is rejected to the cooling medium.
Çengel
The average temperature during heat rejection can be
Boles
decreased by lowering the turbine exit pressure.
Thermodynamics

Consequently, the condenser pressure of most vapor power

plants is well below the atmospheric pressure. The average
temperature during heat addition can be increased by
raising the boiler pressure or by superheating the fluid to
high temperatures. There is a limit to the degree of
superheating, however, since the fluid temperature is not
allowed to exceed a metallurgically safe value.

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 9-16

Chapter Summary
• Superheating has the added advantage of decreasing the
moisture content of the steam at the turbine exit. Lowering
the exhaust pressure or raising the boiler pressure,
however, increases the moisture content. To take advantage
Çengel
of the improved efficiencies at higher boiler pressures and
Boles
lower condenser pressures, steam is usually reheated after
expanding partially in the high-pressure turbine. This is
Thermodynamics

done by extracting the steam after partial extraction in the

high-pressure turbine, sending it back to the boiler where it
is reheated at constant pressure, and returning it to the low-
pressure turbine for complete expansion to the condenser
pressure. The average temperature during the reheat
process, and thus the thermal efficiency of the cycle, can be
increased by increasing the number of expansion and reheat
stages. As the number of stages is increased, the expansion
and reheat processes approach an isother-mal process at
maximum temperature. Reheating also decreases the
moisture content at the turbine exit.

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 9-17

Chapter Summary

• Another way of increasing the thermal efficiency

Çengel of the Rankine cycle is by regeneration. During a
Boles
regeneration process, liquid water (feedwater)
Thermodynamics

leaving the pump is heated by some steam bled

off the turbine at some intermediate pressure in
devices called feedwater heaters. The two streams
are mixed in open feedwater heaters, and the
mixture leaves as a saturated liquid at the heater
pressure. In closed feedwater heaters, heat is
transferred from the steam to the feedwater
without mixing.
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 9-18

Chapter Summary

• The production of more than one useful form of

Çengel
Boles
energy (such as process heat and electric power)
from the same energy source is called
Thermodynamics

cogeneration. Cogeneration plants produce

electric power while meeting the process heat
requirements of certain industrial processes. This
way, more of the energy transferred to the fluid in
the boiler is utilized for a useful purpose. The
faction of energy that is used for either process
heat or power generation is called the utilization
factor of the cogeneration plant.
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 9-19

Chapter Summary
• The overall thermal efficiency of a power plant can
be increased by using binary cycles or combined
Çengel cycles. A binary cycle is composed of two
Boles separate cycles, one at high temperatures
Thermodynamics

(topping cycle) and the other at relatively low

temperatures. The most common combined cycle
is the gas-steam combined cycle where a gas-
turbine cycle operates at the high-temperature
range and a steam-turbine cycle at the low-
temperature range. Steam is heated by the high-
temperature exhaust gases leaving the gas
turbine. Combined cycles have a higher thermal
efficiency than the steam- or gas-turbine cycles
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 Contoh soal

Sebuah siklus Rankine sederhana ideal bekerja pada temperatur

400 oC dan tekanan 80 bar. Tekanan kondensor 0,1 bar. Aliran
Çengel massa uap yang masuk ke turbin 100 kg/s. Hitunglah kerja
Boles
turbin, kerja pompa, kalor masuk, kalor keluar dan efisiensi
Thermodynamics

siklus. daya yang dihasilkan turbin dan daya netto siklus.

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 Jawab

Pertama-tama gambarkan skema siklus Rankine sederhana dan lengkapi dengan data-data yang ada di dalam soal

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 Skema siklus pada diagram T-S

Skema pada gambar di atas dapat digambarkan garis kerjanya pada

Çengel
diagram T-s seperti pada gambar berikut ini.
Boles
Thermodynamics

4
3 2
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 Diagram Mollier

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 Lanjutan

Ditanya : kerja turbin (Wt); Kerja pompa (Wp), kalor masuk (Qin­), kalor keluar
(Qout), efisiensi termodinamika (ηth), daya turbin (Pt) dan daya netto siklus
Çengel
Boles (Pnett).
Thermodynamics

Dari tabel sifat-sifat uap panas lanjut di dapat :

Entalpi uap masuk ke turbin : h1 = 3139,4 kJ/kg
Entropi uap masuk ke turbin : s1 = 6,3658 kJ/kg.K
Entropi uap keluar turbin sama dengan entropi uap masuk turbin (proses
ideal atau isentropis) sehingga s1 = s2 = 6,3658 kJ/kg.K

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 Dari tabel uap jenuh, pada tekanan 0,1 bar (10 kPa) didapat :
Entalpi fase uap (hg2) = 2583,9 kJ/kg
Çengel
Boles Entalpi fase cair (hf2) = 191,81 kJ/kg
Thermodynamics

Entalpi perubahan fase (hfg2) = 2392,1 kj/kg

Entropi fase uap (sg1) = 8,1488 kJ/kg.K
Entropi fase cair (sf2) = 0,6492 kJ/kg.K
Entropi perubahan fase (sfg2) = 7,4996 kJ/kg.K

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 Fraksi (kadar) uap (X) dapat dihitung :

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Artinya kadar uap yang keluar dari turbin menuju kondensor adalah
76,22 % atau fluida yang keluar dari turbin 76,22 % uap dan 23.78 %
cair. Bagian yang cair ini tidak perlu lagi diembunkan, tetapi 76,22 %
uap ini yang harus dibuang kalornya supaya fasenya berubah
menjadi cair.
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 Maka energi total yang terkandung di dalam 76,22% uap dapat dihitung :

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Maka kerja turbin dapat dihitung yaitu :

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 Daya turbin adalah :

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Kalor yang dibuang oleh kondensor :

h2 adalah entalpi uap yang masuk ke kondensor = 2015,07 kJ/kg

h3 adalah entalpi air yang keluar dari kondensor = 191,81 kJ/kg

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 maka kalor yang dibuang oleh kondensor adalah :

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Daya kondensor yang dibutuhkan untuk membuang kalor tersebut adalah

:

Kerja pompa dapat dihitung dengan rumus :

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 Dengan
ν = volume jenis air pada tekanan 0,1 bar = 0,00101 m3/kg
Çengel
Bolesp4 = tekanan air keluar pompa = tekanan boiler (proses ideal tidak ada rugi-rugi
Thermodynamics

tekanan) maka p4 = p1 = 80 bar = 8 Mpa.

p3 = tekanan air masuk pompa = tekanan air keluar kondensor, untuk proses ideal
tidak ada rugi-rugi tekanan sehingga
p3 = 0,1 bar = 10 kPa
maka kerja pompa :
Wp=0,00101x(8000-10)=8,0699 kJ/kg=8,07 kJ/kg
Bila aliran massa air yang dipompa 100 kg/s maka daya yang diperlukan
oleh pompa adalah:
Pp=100 (kg/s)x 8,0699(kJ/kg)=807 kW
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 Daya netto siklus :
Çengel PT – Pp=112344-807=111537 kW=111,537 MW
Boles
Kalor yang masuk ke sistem (qin­) dapat dihitung :
Thermodynamics

h1 = entalpi uap panas lanjut keluar dari boiler = 3139,4 kJ/kg

h4 = entalpi air keluar pompa yang besarnya = entalpi air masuk pompa
+ kerja pompa, maka h4 = 191,81 + 8,07= 199,88 kJ/kg
maka kalor yang masuk ke sistem adalah :
qin= 3139,4 – 199,88 =2939,52 kJ/kg
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 Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 Sebuah PLTU menyerap daya kalor di boiler sebesar 230 MW pada efisiensi
turbin 95% dan efisiensi generator 97%. Daya termal yang diserap turbin
Çengel sebesar 160 MW dan daya listrik yang dibutuhkan pompa sebesar 2
Boles
MW. A)Tentukan daya listrik yang dihasilkan PLTU.
Thermodynamics

B) Tentukan daya kalor yang dikeluarkan kondensor

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