Termodinamika

Pembangkit
Listrik
Hendro Tjahjono
Center for Research on Reactor
Technology-BRIN
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI Email:
INDONESIA hendrotjahjono58@gmail.com
JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO

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 Materi Kuliah
1. Termodinamika dan Konversi energi
2. Perpindahan kalor
3. Perilaku dan operasi unit pembangkit
4. Macam pembangkit konvensional dan inkonvensional
5. Stasion service PLTU
6. Kontrol penyediaan pembangkit
7. Permintaan (Demand)
8. Keandalan pembangkit dalam sistem tenaga listrik.
9. Pelepasan beban dan restorasi
10. Kurva pemakaian bahan bakar
11. Kurva biaya tahunan pembangkit
12. Ekonomi interkoneksi
13. Kurva beban
14. Screening curve
15. Manajemen pusat pembangkit
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 Evaluasi

Kehadiran : 10%
Tugas: 20%
UTS: 30%
UAS: 40%
Buku Referensi:
1.Elliott, Thomas C, - “Standard Handbook of Powerplant Engineering”, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1998
2. Ir. Djiteng Marsudi – “Pembangkitan Energi elektrik”, STT-YPLN 2003
3. Ir. Sambodho Sumani – “Pembangkitan Energi elektrik”, STT-YPLN 2003
4. Ir. Sambodho Sumani – “Perencanaan Sistem Tenaga Listrik”, STT-YPLN 2003

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Termodinamika
dan Konversi
Energi
Hendro Tjahjono
Center for Nuclear Reactor
Technology and Safety
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BATAN
INDONESIA
JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO
Email: hendro@batan.go.id

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What is the Thermodynamic?

Thermo => thermos =>energy

Dynamic => exchange, movement,
conversion

Thermodynamic is a branch of science

learning about the conversion/ exchange
of energy from one form to another.

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System

A Boundary of System could be:

permeable, impermeable, adiabatic/non, flexible/deformable, rigid, etc
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 Different Forms Of
Energy
Internal Energy Surroundings

W
Work U
Q Heat
Em
Boundary Ek, Ep Mechanical
Kinetic Energy Energy
Potential Energy
Note: U and Em are property of the System but W and Q are not.
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Different Forms Of Energy (cont.)

Internal Energy, U
Internal energy is defined as the energy associated with the
random, disordered motion of molecules. It is separated in
scale from the macroscopic ordered energy associated with
moving objects; it refers to the invisible microscopic energy
on the atomic and molecular scale.
Kinetic Energy, Ek
Kinetic energy is energy of motion. The kinetic energy of an
object is the energy it possesses because of its motion. The
kinetic energy of a point mass m with the velocity v is given
by

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Different Forms Of Energy
(cont.)
Potential Energy, U
Potential energy is energy which results from
position or configuration. An object may have the
capacity for doing work as a result of its position
in a gravitational field (gravitational potential
energy), an electric field (electric potential
energy), or a magnetic field (magnetic potential
energy). It may have elastic potential energy as a
result of a stretched spring or other elastic
deformation.
.

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Different Forms Of Energy
(cont.)
Heat, Q
Energy transferred into/out of a system due to a
temperature difference between the system and its
surroundings.
Heat flows in the direction of temperature decrease, or from
higher to lower temperature
Work,W
Any other exchange of energy between a system and
surroundings.
e.g.: mechanical work, electrical work, magnetic work, chemical
work, nuclear work, etc.

NOTE: positive (+) means energy transferred into the system and
negative (-)means energy transferred out from the system.
.

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First Law of Thermodynamic

First law is principle of conservation of system

energy.
The change of system energy is due to the energy
transfer with surrounding.
dU + dEk + dEp= dQ + dW

For static system with no change of Ek and Ep

dU = dQ + dW
dW = - PdV
The change of Work
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The Concept of Enthalpy

Internal energy U plus product of system Internal

Internal energy UUplus product of system volume &
external pressure worked on system (PV)

dU

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The Concept of Entropy

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The Equation of State

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The Ideal Gas

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The Ideal Gas (cont.)

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The Specific Heat

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The Phase Diagrams

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 Latent Heat
The word “latent” comes from a Latin word that means “to lie
hidden.” When a substance changes phases (liquid  solid or gas
 liquid) energy is transferred without a change in temperature.
This “hidden energy” is called latent heat. For example, to turn
water ice into liquid water, energy must be added to bring the
water to its melting point, 0 C. This is not enough, however, since
water can exist at 0 C in either the liquid or solid state. Additional
energy is required to change 0 ºC ice into 0 C water. The energy
increases the internal energy of the water but does not raise its
temp. When frozen, water molecules are in a crystalline structure,
and energy is needed to break this structure. The energy needed
is called the latent heat of fusion. Additional energy is also needed
to change water at 100 C to steam at 100 C, and this is called the
latent heat of vaporization.

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Latent Heat Formula in Phase Change

Q = m Lf or Q = m Lv

Q = thermal energy (J)

m = mass (kg)
L = heat of fusion or vaporization (J/kg)

L is the energy per unit mass needed to change the state

of a substance from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas.
Exemple:
Lf (the latent heat of fusion) for gold is 6440 J / kg. Gold melts at 1063
C. 5 grams of solid gold at this temp will not become liquid until
additional heat is added.
The amount of heat needed is:
(6440 J / kg) (0.005 kg) = 32 J. The liquid gold will still be at 1063 C.

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Latent Heat / Specific Heat Example

Superman vaporizes a 1800 kg ice monster with his

heat ray vision. The ice monster was at
-20 C. After being vaporized he is steam at
135 C. How much energy did Superman expend?

Substance Specific Heat (in J / kg · ºC)

ice 2090
liquid water 4186
steam 1970

For water : Lf = 3.33 ·105 J / kg; Lv = 2.26 ·106 J / kg

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 Process Diagram
T
Latent Heat

135C

Q4 Q5 (gas)
100C

Q3 (liquid) Sensible
Heat
Q2
0C

-20C Q1 (solid)
Energy

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 Solution

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 THANK YOU
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