UNIT V

DOMESTIC UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

 General Requirements of Electrical Installation

• Layout wiring
• Conductors
• Rating of lamp, fan and socket outlet point
• Joint box and looping in system
• Reception and distribution of main supply
• Arrangement of apparatus on switchboards
• Single phase supply or Three phase, four wire supply
• Sub-distribution board
• Sub circuits - Diversity, Diversity factor for sub circuit
HOUSE WIRING
Loop-in or Looping System
Cleat Wiring
• Cleat Wiring
• This system of wiring comprises of ordinary VIR
or PVC insulated wires (occasionally, sheathed
and weather proof cable) braided and
compounded held on walls or ceilings by means
of porcelain cleats, Plastic or wood. Cleat wiring
system is a temporary wiring system therefore it is
not suitable for domestic premises. The use of
cleat wiring system is not used nowadays.
Batten Wiring
Insulated Cable
Comparison of Different Wiring Systems
Online UPS
Off Line UPS
Block Diagram of an Electronic Generator
Difference between Online and Offline
UPS
• EARTHING
• Definition: The process of transferring the
immediate discharge of the electrical energy
directly to the earth by the help of the low
resistance wire is known as the electrical earthing.
• Basic needs of Earthing
• To protect human lives as well as provide safety to
electrical devices and appliances from leakage
current.
• To keep voltage as constant in the healthy phase (If
fault occurs on any one phase).
• To Protect Electric system and buildings form
lighting.
• To serve as a return conductor in electric traction
system and communication.
• To avoid the risk of fire in electrical installation
systems.
• Components of Earthing System
• A complete electrical earthing system consists on
the following basic components.
• Earth Continuity Conductor
• Earthing Lead
• Earth Electrode
• Domestic Earthing
• The human body has chances of severe damage in
case an electric current of5 milli Amps passes
through it within a rapid time span. In such a case
if a person touches an appliance, which has heavy
currents flowing through it, with his bare hands
there are high chances of this encounter being
fatal.
• Why is Earthing required for Houses?
• To warrant that all pieces of equipment in use by
the occupants of a building are at Earth Potential,
thus safeguarding them from electric shocks
through direct contact.
• Required Material for electrical earthing
• River sand – 25Kg, Typically 5 small buckets.
• Salt – 50 Kg
• Charcoal – 15 Kg
• GA Pipe 10 Feet with random 10 mm drilled – 1
number
• Make a pit in the ground – 2 feet length 2 feet
width 10 feet depth
Water to fill the pit finally to reduce the earth
resistance GI or Copper bus bar or Copper cable –
required (from panel to earth pit).
• Dangers of Not Earthing a Supply System
• As emphasized, earthing is provided in order
• To avoid electric shock.
• To avoid risk of fire as a result of earth leakage
current through unwanted path
• To ensure that no current carrying conductor rises
to a potential with respect to general mass of earth
than its designed insulation.