Communication, Control & Monitoring Systems

Amanuel Daniel, November 2022

 Today

• Computer Networks
• PLCs
• Gibe III CSCS
•
AFTERNOON PH visit
 Tomorrow
PH, all day

• DS, HDS, CS, GS, ES

• Sensors, Actuators &
Transducers
•
AFTERNOON Common Faults
• R+D, Gibe+
 Computer Networks
Fundamentals

Networking is the practice of linking two or

more computing devices together for the
purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with
a combination of computer hardware
and software.
 Computer Networks
Hardware

Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology for

local area networks. An Ethernet cable is a common type
of network cable used with wired networks. Ethernet
cables connect devices such as PCs, routers, and
switches within a local area network.
 Computer Networks
Hardware

These physical cables are limited by length and

durability. If a network cable is too long or of poor
quality, it won't carry a good network signal.
 Computer Networks
Hardware

Ethernet cables support one or more industry standards

including Category 5 and Category 6. The maximum length
of a CAT5 cable, before attenuation occurs, is 100m. CAT6
can go up to 200m. Ethernet cables can be longer but may
suffer from signal loss, especially if they pass near large
electrical appliances.
 Computer Networks
Hardware

A fiber optic cable consists of one or more strands of glass,

each only slightly thicker than a human hair. The center of
each strand is called the core, which provides the pathway for
light to travel. The core is surrounded by a layer of glass
called cladding that reflects light inward to avoid loss of
signal and allow the light to pass through bends in the cable.
 Computer Networks
Hardware

Fiber cables offer several advantages over long-distance

copper cabling. Fiber optics support a higher capacity. The
amount of network bandwidth a fiber cable can carry easily
exceeds that of a copper cable with similar thickness. Fiber
cables rated at 10 Gbps, 40 Gbps, and 100 Gbps are standard.
 Computer Networks
Hardware

Fiber cables offer several advantages over long-distance

copper cabling. Fiber optics support a higher capacity. The
amount of network bandwidth a fiber cable can carry easily
exceeds that of a copper cable with similar thickness. Fiber
cables rated at 10 Gbps, 40 Gbps, and 100 Gbps are standard.
 Computer Networks
Hardware

Because light can travel for much longer distances over a

fiber cable without losing its strength, the need for signal
boosters is lessened.
 Computer Networks
Hardware

A fiber optic cable is less susceptible to interference. A

copper network cable requires shielding to protect it from
electromagnetic interference. While this shielding helps, it is
not sufficient to prevent interference when many cables are
strung together in proximity to one another.
 Computer Networks
Hardware

Most computer networks direct messages from source to

destination devices using any of three techniques: routing,
switching, and bridging. Routers use certain network address
information contained inside messages to send them ahead to
their destination (often via other routers).
 Computer Networks
Hardware

Switches use much of the same technology as routers but

typically support local area networks only. Bridging allows
messages to flow between two different types of physical
networks.
 Computer Networks
Software

TCP/IP is the primary network protocol of the internet. The

acronym refers to Transmission Control Protocol and the
Internet Protocol, the two frameworks on which the model is
based.
 Computer Networks
Software

Applications and computers using TCP/IP identify each other

with assigned IP addresses, which are a series of numbers that
typically looks like ###.##.###.### (i.e., 192.168.0.51).
 Computer Networks
Software

An IP address, short for Internet Protocol address, is an

identifying number for network hardware connected to a
network. Having an IP address allows a device to
communicate with other devices over an IP-based network
like the internet.
 Computer Networks
Software

If you send a package to a friend in another country, you have

to know the exact destination. This same general process is
used to send data over the internet. However, instead of using
a physical mailing address, the computer uses DNS servers to
look up a hostname to find its IP address.
 Computer Networks
Software

An IP address that is assigned by a DHCP server is a dynamic

IP address. If a device doesn't have DHCP enabled or doesn't
support DHCP, then the IP address must be assigned manually,
in which case it's called a static IP address.
 Computer Networks
Network Design

The two basic forms of network design are called client-

server and peer-to-peer. Client-server networks feature
centralized server computers that store web pages, files, and
applications accessed by client computers and other client
devices.
 Computer Networks
Network Design

On a peer-to-peer network, conversely, all devices tend to

support the same functions. Client-server networks are
common in enterprises, and peer-to-peer networks are
common in homes.
 Computer Networks
Network Design

A server is a computer designed to process requests and

deliver data to another computer over the internet or a local
network. There are several types of servers, including local
ones like file servers that store data within an intranet
network.
 Computer Networks
Network Design

The server is the software that handles a

specific task. However, the powerful hardware
that supports this software is also called a
server. This is because the server software that
coordinates a network of hundreds or
thousands of clients requires hardware that's
more robust than computers for consumer use.
 Computer Networks
Network Design

The server is the software that handles a

specific task. However, the powerful hardware
that supports this software is also called a
server. This is because the server software that
coordinates a network of hundreds or
thousands of clients requires hardware that's
more robust than computers for consumer use.
 PLCs
Introduction

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is an industrial

computer that has been ruggedized and adapted for the control
of processes, such as hydraulic pump operation, valve
actuation, or any activity that requires high reliability, ease of
programming, and process fault diagnosis
 PLCs
Introduction

A PLC is a real-time system since outputs must be produced

in response to input conditions within a limited time.
 PLCs
Introduction
 PLCs
Introduction

It consists of:

• A processor unit (CPU) which interprets inputs, executes

the control program stored in memory and sends output
signals
 PLCs
Introduction

It consists of:

• A power supply unit which converts AC voltage to DC, a

memory unit storing data from inputs and program to be
executed by the processor,
 PLCs
Introduction

It consists of:

• A communications interface to receive and transmit data

on communication networks from/to remote PLCs.
Gibe III CSCS
Introduction