Chaptrm

Chapter 2
Elementary Programming
Concatenation
- Example:
int a = 10;
int b = 12;
int sum = a + b;
System.out.println(“The result is = ”+ sum); // The result is = 22
Q: what is the output of the following statements:

int i=1 , j = 2 ;
System.out.println( “ i + j is = ” + i + j ) ; // i + j is = 12
i is first concatenated with “ i + j ” & then concatenated with j.
Correct form:
System.out.println( “ i + j is = ” + (i + j) ) ; // i + j is = 3
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 MODIFIED BY: Abla 
Hussein
Concatenation
Q: write a java program to compute the area of a rectangle, suppose width
= 5, and height = 7.
The output should be as following:
The width is = 5 , The height = 7, and The area is = 35
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 MODIFIED BY: Abla Hussein 
Math Methods
Hussein
Math Methods
Math Methods
- Math.random() method returns random numbers between only 0 and 1, to make it
generates random numbers in any range, obey the following rule:
a + Math.random( ) * b
// returns random number between a and a + b , excluding a + b

-For example:
50 + Math.random( )*50
// returns a random number between 50 and 100, exclude (50 and 100)
0 + Math.random( )*10
// returns a random number between 0 and 10 exclude (0 and 10)
50 + (int) (Math.random( )*50)
// returns a random integer number starting from 50 to 99 (50 and 99 inclusive) .
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 MODIFIED BY: Abla Hussein
Math Methods
Q: Write a java program to declare two integer numbers, first is 24 while
the second is 15. then find the following:
- raise the first number to the power of 4.
- absolute value of the subtraction the second number from the first.
- the maximum of the two numbers.
- the minimum of the two numbers.
- the square root of the subtraction.
Math Methods
Q1: Write a java program to solve the following equations:
a=3 , b=1.5, x is integer.
Q2: Find the maximum number of 35, 10 , 62 .
Character Data type
-Character variable stores only a single character.
-Each character value must be enclosed in single quotation marks.
The syntax for declaring a character variable is:
char varName;
char varName= ‘ value ’ ;
-The value can be a (single alphabet, single digit, or single special character).
Example:
char letter=‘A’;
char num=‘8’;
char x=‘@’;
Character Data type
-Alphabets are represented by numbers in ASCII code, where A : 65,
B : 66, C : 67, …, Z : 90, a : 97, b: 98, c: 99, …, z : 122 .
int g='A';
-Increment & Decrement operators can also be used on char variables
to get next or preceding character.
Example:
char w = ‘b’ ;
System.out.println(++w); // c
char w = ‘b’ ;
System.out.println(w++); // b
char w = ‘B’ ;
System.out.println(--w); // A
char w = ‘B’ ;
System.out.println(w--); // B
Hussein
String Type
- String is a sequence of characters.
- The char data type represents only one character. To represent multiple of
characters use the type called String.
- Syntax for declaring a String variable:
String varName;
String varName = “ Value ” ;
- The value of the string must be enclosed in double quotation marks.

- Example:
String message = “Welcome to Java” ;
String x = “H” ;
String y = “ ” ;
String Type
- Unlike other data type, the String type has to be started with upper
case letter S (String).
Q1: Write a program to store your name ( first & surname) in two string
variables, then print each of them on a separate line.
Q2:Write a java program that declares a String variable

message=“Welcome to Java”, and generates an integer random number
between 0 and length of that String. Then prints the character at that
random number.
Hussein
Concatenation for String
- Two strings can be combined together into one.

- The (+) operator is called concatenation operator if at least one of the
operands is a string.
- If the string is combined with a variable (or value), the value will be
converted into a string and concatenated with other string.
- In general, if one of the operands is nonstring, the nonstring value is
converted into a string.
- Example: String message= “Welcome ” + “To ” + “Java” ;

// message = “Welcome To Java”;
Concatenation
- Example:
String x = “Chapter ” + 2 ; // 2 is converted into a string, since + is a

//concatenation operator
String y = 9.4 + “ Marks” ; // y = “9.4 Marks”
String z = “see ”+ ‘u’ ; // z= “see u”
- note: if neither of the operands is a string, the + operator is the addition

operator that adds two numbers.
String Methods
- Java provides a set of methods (operations) that can manipulate String
type.
1. stringVar.length( );
- returns the number of characters in this string, regarding spaces.
- return data type ( the output type ) is integer (int) .
Example:
String message = “Welcome To Java” ;

int num = message.length(); // num = 15
System.out.println(num); // 15
String Methods
2. stringVar.charAt( i );
- returns the character at the specified position i in this string, where i is

integer.
- return data type ( the output type ) is character (char) .
- String numbering starts from zero ( zero based )
Example:

char x = message.charAt ( 5 ); // x = m
System.out.println(x); // m
- The index i is between 0 and stringVar.length( ) – 1 , otherwise error.
String Methods
3. stringVar.indexOf( “something” );
- Returns the index of the first occurrence of the string “something” in this
string.
Example:
int x = message.indexOf ( “To” ); // x = 8
System.out.println(x); // 8
int y = message.indexOf ( “J” ); // y = 11
System.out.println(y); // 11
- If the string not found, the output will be -1.

String Methods
stringVar.indexOf( “something” , position);
4.
- Returns the index of the first occurrence of the string “something” , starting from
the position in this string.
Example:

int x = message.indexOf ( “e” , 2 ); // x = 6
System.out.println(x); // 6
int y = message.indexOf ( “e” , 1); // y = 1
System.out.println(y); // 1
If the string not found, the output will be -1.
String Methods
5. stringVar.substring( i );
- Returns a substring starting from the position of i to the end of this
string.
- return data type ( the output type ) is String.
Example:

String x = message.substring ( 3 ); // x = “come To Java”
System.out.println(x); // come To Java
String y = message.substring ( 11 ); // y = “Java”
System.out.println(y); // Java
String Methods
6. stringVar.substring( i1 , i2);
- Returns a substring starting from the position of i 1 to the position (i2- 1).
- return data type ( the output type ) is String.
- exclude position i2 .
Example:

String x = message.substring ( 8 , 15 ); // x = “To Java”
System.out.println(x); // To Java
String y = message.substring ( 8, 10 ); // y = “To”
System.out.println(y); // To
String Methods
Example:
String name = “Mohammed Ali Mahmoud” ;

System.out.println( name.length() );// 20
System.out.println( name.charAt(2) );// h
System.out.println( name.charAt(9) );// A
System.out.println( name.charAt(8) );// space
System.out.println( name.charAt(20) );// error
System.out.println( name.indexOf(“a”) );// 3
`String Methods
Example:

System.out.println( name.indexOf(“ ”, 9 ) );// 12
System.out.println( name.indexOf(“M”) );// 0
System.out.println( name.indexOf(“M”, 3) );// 13
System.out.println( name.substring(9) );// Ali Mahmoud
System.out.println( name.substring(9, 12) );// Ali
System.out.println( name.substring(name.indexOf(“ ”)+1) );
// Ali Mahmoud
String Methods
Example:
- Find the second occurrence of letter “h”.
- Find the middle name.
- Find the third name.
- Find the last character.
Hussein
Convert String To Numbers
- The input returned from the input dialog box is a string.
- If you enter a numeric value such as 123, it returns "123".
- You have to convert a string into a number to obtain the input as a
number.
1. Convert String into int:
int varName=Integer.parseInt(String varName);
Example:
String x=“35”;
int y=Integer.parseInt( x );// y = 35, but x = “35”
Convert String To Numbers
2. Convert String into double:
double varName=Double.parseDouble(String varName);
Example:
String x=“19”;
double y=Double.parseDouble( x );// y = 19.0, but x = “19”
Display Output
- In
order, to use the input dialog and the message dialog boxes in java,
you have to invoke the class that contains the input and message boxes.
-Since JOptionPane is a predefined class in java, and Java’s predefined
classes are grouped into packages.
- JOptionPane is in the javax.swing package. JOptionPane is
imported into the program using the import statement.
- You can write the import statement immediately before the class header
in two ways:
import javax.swing.JOptionPane ; // or
import javax.swing.* ;
Getting Input From Users
- You can obtain input from an input dialog box.

- An input dialog box prompts the user to enter an input graphically.
- When the program is executed, a dialog is displayed to enable the user
to enter an input value.
- After entering an input, click OK to accept the input and close the dialog
box.
- The input is returned as a String.
- The Syntax for invoking the input dialog box:
String varName=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Enter an input”);
Example:
String name=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Enter your name”);
Display Output
- You can display outputs in a graphical dialog box.
- The Syntax for invoking the Message dialog box:
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, Output);
- The Output can be any of data types.

- Think about it as the content of print statement.
Display Output
Example:
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “Welcome To Java”);
Display Output
Q1: Write a java program that prompts the user to enter his name, and
displays the name name using message box.
Q2: Write a program that prompts a user to enter the width, and the height
for a rectangle, computes the area and prints the output using message
box.
Hussein
Programming Errors
1. Syntax Errors.
2. Runtime Errors.
3. Logic Errors

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Chapter 2

Q: what is the output of the following statements:

The output should be as following:

The width is = 5 , The height = 7, and The area is = 35

// returns random number between a and a + b , excluding a + b

- raise the first number to the power of 4.

- the maximum of the two numbers.

- the minimum of the two numbers.

- the square root of the subtraction.

Q2: Find the maximum number of 35, 10 , 62 .

The syntax for declaring a character variable is:

- The value of the string must be enclosed in double quotation marks.

Q2:Write a java program that declares a String variable

- Two strings can be combined together into one.

- Example: String message= “Welcome ” + “To ” + “Java” ;

String x = “Chapter ” + 2 ; // 2 is converted into a string, since + is a

String y = 9.4 + “ Marks” ; // y = “9.4 Marks”

String z = “see ”+ ‘u’ ; // z= “see u”

- note: if neither of the operands is a string, the + operator is the addition

String message = “Welcome To Java” ;

- returns the character at the specified position i in this string, where i is

String message = “Welcome To Java” ;

- The index i is between 0 and stringVar.length( ) – 1 , otherwise error.

- If the string not found, the output will be -1.

String message = “Welcome To Java” ;

String message = “Welcome To Java” ;

String message = “Welcome To Java” ;

String name = “Mohammed Ali Mahmoud” ;

String name = “Mohammed Ali Mahmoud” ;

String name = “Mohammed Ali Mahmoud” ;

- Find the second occurrence of letter “h”.

- Find the middle name.

- Find the third name.

- Find the last character.

int varName=Integer.parseInt(String varName);

double varName=Double.parseDouble(String varName);

- You can obtain input from an input dialog box.

- The input is returned as a String.

- The Syntax for invoking the input dialog box:

String varName=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Enter an input”);

- The Syntax for invoking the Message dialog box:

- The Output can be any of data types.

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