Lecture 4-Plant Systems

MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
LECTURE FOUR
STEAM POWER PLANT

INTRODUCTION
 A power plant is assembly of systems or subsystems to generate electricity, i.e., power
with, economy and requirements
 The power plant itself must be useful economically and environmental,friendly to the
society.
 A power plant may be defined as a machine or assembly of equipment that generates
and delivers, a flow of mechanical or electrical energy.
 The main equipment for the generation of electric power is
 generator. When coupling it to a prime mover runs the generator, the electricity is
generated.
 The major power plants, which are discussed in this
Subject, are,
1. Steam power plant
2. Diesel power plant
3. Gas turbine power plant
4. Nuclear power plant
5. Hydro electric power plant
The Steam Power Plant, Diesel Power Plant, Gas Turbine Power Plant and
Nuclear Power Plants, are called THERMAL POWER PLANT, because these convert
heat into electric energy.
CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANTS
Introduction to steam power plant
 Works on Rankine Cycle
 Steam produced in boiler (usually by burning coal) is expanded in the
prime mover (ie; steam turbine)
 Condensed steam is fed back to boiler again
 The steam turbine drives the alternator produces electricity
 Steam power plants contribute about 65% of total electrical energy
generated in India
General Layout of Steam Power Plant
Main Circuit
Fuel And Ash Circuit
Air And Gas Circuit
Feed Water And Steam Circuit
Cooling Water Circuit
Fuel And Ash Circuit
Fuel stored and fed to the boiler through conveyor
belts. Broken down into proper shape for complete
burning.
Ash thus generated after burning is removed from
the boiler through ash handling equipment
Air And Gas Circuit
Air is required for combustion of fuel and is supplied
through fans
Air is passed through air preheater to extract energy
from flue gases for proper burning of the fuel
Flue gases have ash and several gases which are
passed through the precipitator(dust collector) and
go to atmosphere through chimney.
Feed Water And Steam Circuit
Steam Converted to water by condenser.
Water is demineralized & hence not wasted to have
better economic operation of the plant.
Some part of steam and water is lost while passing
through different parts.
Boiler feed pump feeds water into the boiler drum
where it is heated to form steam.
Wet steam is again heated in super heater before
passing through the turbine
Steam is expanded in the turbine to run it. After
which again it goes to boiler for reheating
Cooling Water Circuit
To condensate the steam, large quantity of cooling

water is required which is taken from river or
pondage
After passing through the condenser, it is fed back to
the river or Pondage
Boiler
Turbine
Turbine – Full View
Layout of Steam Power Plant
The schematic arrangement of a modern steam power
station can be divided into the following stages:
Coal and ash handlingplant
Steam generating plant
Steam turbine
Alternator
Feed water
Cooling arrangement
Coal and Ash handling plant
Coal is transported to power station by rail or road
and stored in coal storage plant and then pulverised
Pulverised coal is fed to fed to the boiler by belt
conveyers
Coal gets burned in the boiler and ash produced
is removed to the ash handling plant and then
delivered to ash storage plant for disposal
A 100MW station operating at 50% LF may burn
about 20000tons of coal per month and produce 3000
tons of ash
Coal handling plant
Coal handling plant section
• Wagon unloading system

• Crushing system
• Conveying system
ASH HANDLING PLANT
The Ash from the boiler is collected in two forms:

1. Bottom Ash(Slurry):It’s a waste which is dumped into a Ash
Pond
2. Fly ash: Fly ash is separated from Flue Gases in ESP(Electro static
Precipitator).
Chimney
Fly Ash &
Flue
Boiler Gases Flue Gases
Economizer ESP
Bottom
ash(wet ash) Fly ash
Ash Pond Cylo
Cement Factory
Steam generating plant
The steam generating plant consists of a boiler for the
production of steam and other auxiliary equipment
for the utilization of flue gases
1) Boiler: The heat of combustion
in the boiler is utilized
to convert water into steam at
high temperature and pressure
Boiler at Kota Thermal Power Station
2) Superheater: The steam produced in boiler is wet
and is passed through a superheater where it is dried
and superheated. Increases efficiency
3) Economiser:
It’s essentially a feed
water heater and
derives heat from the
flue gases
4) Air Preheater: Increases the temperature of the air
supplied for coal burning by deriving heat from flue
gases. Air is drawn from the atmosphere by a forced
drought fan and is passed through air preheater
before supplying to the boiler furnace.
Steam Turbine
Dry and superheated steam from superheater is fed to
the steam turbine.
The heat energy of steam when passing over the blades
of turbine is converted into mechanical energy.
After giving energy to the turbine, the steam is
exhausted to the condenser which condenses the
exhausted steam by means of cold water circulation
Turbine – Full View
Boiler
Water tube boiler
Fire tube boiler
Boiler
Firetube boiler
hot gases pass through the tubes, feed water
surrounds them
Watertube boiler
steam and water circulate through drums and small
diameter tubes, gases of combustion pass around
them
more commonly used, lighter, occupies less space and

has increased efficiency (higher pressure and
temperature)
Watertube boiler
Watertube boiler
main boiler
donkey (auxiliary) boiler
low, intermediate, high pressure b.
single-drum b., two-drum b., three-drum b.
vertical b., horizontal b.
single-flow b., double-flow b.
Superheater
consists ofheaders and superheater tubes
converts saturated steam into dry steam
Turbine
steam is admitted to the turbine
heat energy is converted into mechanical energy –
useful work
high pressure turbine
low pressure turbine
Alternator
Steam turbine is coupled to an alternator which
converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy
The electrical output of the alternator is delivered to

the bus bars through transformer, circuit breakers
and isolators.
Feed Water
The condensate from the condenser is used as feed
water to the boiler.
The water that may be lost in the cycle is made up
from the external source
The feed water on its way to boiler gets heated up
by water heaters and economiser.
This helps to improve the overall efficiency of the
plant
Water in a Power Plant is use fo
1d . P r o d u c t i o n o f S t e a m - f o r r o rt a t i n g t u r b i n e .
2.Cooling Purpose- For cooling of various equipment
3% of water is wasted during this process. Appx 4 c

ubic
mt water is lost /day/MW
Cooling Arrangement
Condenser condenses the steam exhausted from the
turbine
Water is drawn from natural sources like river, lake,
canals…
Circulating water takes up the heat and itself gets
heated up
This hot water can be discharged away or used
again by using a cooling tower
Steam Power Plant
Electric Power Generation

Faraday Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Voltage is induced in a circuit whenever relative motion exists between a Conductor and a
Magnetic Field and that the Magnitude of this Voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the
flux
Emf induced is called Induced Emf and if the conductor circuit is closed, the current will also
circulate through the circuit and this current is called induced Current
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 2

Steam Power Plant
Electric Power Generation

Faraday Law of Electromagnetic Induction—contd--
 Amount of voltage (emf) induced in the coil using just magnetismcan be increased by:
o Increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil
o Increasing the speed of the relative motion between the coil and the magnet
o Increasing magnetic field strength surrounding the coil
 Magnitude of the electromagnetic induction is

directly proportional to:
o Flux Density, β
o Number of loops giving a total length of the
conductor l in meters
o rate ν at which the magnetic field changes within
the conductor in m/s
Mechanical Engineering Dep t. HITEC 3

Steam Power Plant
Power Plants & Types of Power Plant
Power Plant or Power Generating Station: an industrial location that is utilized for the
Generation and Distribution of Electric Power in mass scale, in the order of several 1000
Watts
 AllPower Generating Stations has an A.C. generator or an Alternator, which is basically a rotating
machine that is equipped to convert energy from the Mechanical Domain (Rotating Turbine) into
Electrical Domain by creating Relative Motion between a Magnetic Field and the Conductors
 Depending on the type of fuel used, Power Generating Stations are broadly classified as:
1. Steam Power Plant
2. Diesel Power Plant
THERMAL POWER PLANT: Converts Heat into Electric Energy
3. Gas Turbine Power Plant
4. Nuclear Power Plant
5. Hydro Electric Power
Plant Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 4
Steam Power Plant

Thermal Power Generation

Steam Power Plant

Steam Power Plant

Steam Power Plant

Steam Power Plant

Hydel Power Generation

Steam Power Plant

Nuclear Power Generation

Steam Power Plant
Introduction to Steam Power Plant
Today, most of the electricity produced throughout the world is from Steam Power Plants
Steam Power Plant continuously converts the energy stored in fossil fuels (Coal, Oil, Natural
Gas) into shaft work and ultimately into electricity
Steam has the advantage that,

o it can be raised from water which is available in abundance
o it does not react much with the materials of the equipment power plant
of
o is stable at the temperature required in the plant

Steam Power Plant
Introduction
Energy released by burning of fuel Q 1 is transferred to water in Boiler (B)
Steam is generated (H2O(g)) at high pressure and Temperature
Steam expands in the Turbine (T) to a low pressure to produce shaft work WT
Steam leaving the Turbine (T) is condensed into water in the condenser (C)

Steam Power Plant
Introduction
In Condenser (C), Cooling water from a river or sea circulates carrying away the heat released
during condensation Q2
Water (Condensate) is fed back to the boiler by the pump (P) requiring power WP and cycle
repeats
 Working substance (Water)is undergoing a Cyclic Process → No change in its Internal Energy over the
cycle: ∫ dE =0

Steam Power Plant
Introduction
 Net Energy transferred to the unit mass of the fluid as Heat during the cycle must equal the net energy
transferred as Work from the fluid:
 Efficiency of the Vapor Power Cycle:
Mechanic al Engineering Dept. HITEC 14

Introduction to Refrigeration
Temperature and Pressure Relationship
 Temperature at which a liquid boils is not

constant, but varies with the pressure
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC Univ. 15

Introduction to Refrigeration
Temperature and Pressure Relationship
 When the pressure in the jar reaches the pressure that corresponds to the
boiling point of water at 70°F (21 oC), the water will start to boil and vaporize
Boiling Point of water can be changed and controlled by controlling the

⇒ vapor pressure above the water
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC Univ. 16

Steam Power Plant
Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles

 Steam Engine and Steam Turbines in which steamis used as working medium follow Rankine cycle
 Ideal Rankine Cycle does not involve any Internal Irreversibilities and consists of the following 4
processes:
1-2: Isentropic Compression in a pump 2-3: Isobaric Heat Addition in a boiler
3-4: Isentropic Expansion in a turbine 4-1: Isobaric Heat Rejection in a condenser
Mechanical Engineeri
ng Dept. HITEC 17
Steam Power Plant
Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles

 Area under the process curve on a T-S Diagram represents the heat transfer for internally
reversible processes
Area under process curve 2-3:

heat transferred to the water in T
the boiler
Area under process curve 4-1:

Heat rejected in the Condenser
o Differencebetween these two (the area

enclosed by the cycle curve) is the Net
Work produced during the cycle
Mec hanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 18

Steam Power Plant
Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle

 Boiler and the Condenser do not involve any work, and the Pump and the Turbine are assumed to be
Isentropic
Considering 1 kg of fluid :
 Applying Steady Flow Energy (S.F.E.E.) to Boiler, Turbine, Condenser and Pump:
Equation
T
(i) For Boiler (as control volume)
(ii) For Turbine (as control volume)
(iii) For Condenser (as control volume)
(iii) For Feed Pump(as control volume)
Mechanical Engin eering Dept. HITEC 19

Steam Power Plant

 Thermal Efficiency of the Rankine cycle is:
Where;
Example 5.1
T
Consider a steam power plant operating on the
simple Ideal Rankine Cycle. Steam enters the
turbine at 3 MPa and 350 °C and is condensed in
the condenser at a pressure of 75 kPa.
Determine the thermal efficiency of this cycle.

Steam Power Plant

Steam Power Plant
Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones
Actual vapor power cycle differs from the ideal Rankine cycle as a result of irreversibilities in
various components
Fluid Friction and Heat Loss to the surroundings
are the two common sources of Irreversibilities
Fluid Friction causes pressure drops in the

boiler, the condenser, and the piping between
various components
To compensate for these pressure drops, the

water must be pumped to a sufficiently higher
pressure than the ideal cycle calls for
⇒ requires a larger pump and larger work

input to the pump
Steam Power Plant
 Other major source of irreversibility is the heat loss from the steam to the surroundings as the
steam flows through various components
 To maintain the same level of net work output,

more heat needs to be transferred to the steam
in the boiler to compensate for these
undesired heat losses
⇒ Cycle Efficiency Decreases

Steam Power Plant

 Deviation of actual pumps and turbines from the isentropic ones can be accounted for by utilizing
Isentropic Efficiencies
⇒ As a result of irreversibilities:
Pump requires a greater work input
Turbine produces a smaller work output
 states 2a and 4a are Actual Exit States of the

pump and turbine
 States 2s and 4s are corresponding states for
Isentropic Case
Steam Power Plant

Example
A steam power plant operates on the cycle shown in Fig. If the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 87
percent and the isentropic efficiency of the pump is 85 percent, determine:
(a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle and
(b) the net power output of the plant for a mass flow rate
of 15 kg/s.
Mechanical Engineering Dep t. HITEC 25

Steam Power Plant

Example

Steam Power Plant
Economizer, Evaporator and Superheater

 Heat transfer in Steam Generator normally takes place in 3 steps
o Economiser (4-5): Sensible heating in liquid Phase till it becomes saturated Liquid
o Evaporator (5-6): Phase change by absorbing Latent Heat of Vaporization
o Superheater (6-1): Sensible heating of vapor to become Super Heated Vapor

Steam Power Plant
pv
OR
Ts
hs
Mechanical E ngineering Dept. HITEC 28

Steam Power Plant

 Fractionsof total heat absorbed in Economizer, Evaporator and Super Heater:

Steam Power Plant
Mean Temperature of Heat Addition

 If T is the Mean Temperature of Heat Addition so that area under 4-1 is equal to area under 5-6, then heat
m1
added is:
⇒
T2 Temperature of Heat Rejection
o Loweris T2 for a given Tm1, i.e., lower is the condenser

pressure, higher will be ηRankine
o Lowest practicable temperature of heat rejection T2 is
temperature of surroundings To
⇒
⇒ Higher is Tm1, higher will be ηRankine

Steam Power Plant
Methods to Increase the Efficiency of The Rankine Cycle

 Basic Idea behind all the modifications to increase the thermal efficiency of a power cycle is:
o Av. Fluid Temperature should be as high as possibl e during Heat Addition and
o as low as possible during Heat Rejection
1- Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg) T

 Colored area on this diagram represents increase in
net work output as a result of lowering the
condenser pressure from P4 to P4/
 Heat Inputrequirements also increase (represented

by the area under curve 2/-2), but this increase is
very small
 Overall Effect of lowering the Condenser Pressure is

an increase in η
Mechanical Engineer ing Dept. HITEC 31

Steam Power Plant

1- Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg) – contd--
 To take advantage of the increased η at low pressures, the condensers of steam power plants usually
operate well below the Atmospheric Pressure
 Pcond cannot be lower than the saturation pressure corresponding to the temperature of the cooling medium
T
 Lower Pcond creates the possibility of air leakage into the
condenser
 Lower P condincreases the moisture content of the steam

at the final stages of the turbine
o presence of large quantities of moisture is highly

undesirable in turbines because it decreases the
turbine efficiency and erodes the turbine blades
Mechanical Engineering Dept. H ITEC 32

Steam Power Plant
2- Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures (Increases Thigh,av)

 Av. Temp at which heat is transferred to steam can be increased without increasing the boiler pressure by
superheating the steam to high temperatures
 Colored Area on TS-diagram represents increase in the
net work
 Total Area under the process curve 3-3’ represents the
increase in Heat Input
 Overall effect is an increase in Thermal Efficiency, due
to increased Tm
 Superheating of steam decreases the moisture content
of the steam at the turbine exit (4 vs 4’)
 Temp. to which steam can be superheated is limited, by

Metallurgical Considerations
 Presently, Highest Steam Temperature allowed at the

turbine inlet is about 620°C Mechanical Engineering Dep t. HITEC 33
Steam Power Plant
3- Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh,av)

 Increasing the operating pressure of the boiler automatically raises the temperature at which boiling takes
place
o It raises the average temperature at which heat is

transferred to the steam and thus raises ηcycle
 For a Fixed Turbine Inlet Temp., cycle shifts to the

left
and the moisture content of steam at the turbine exit
increases → Undesirable
 Max Moisture Content at Turbine Exhaust is not allowed

to exceed 12% or the quality of steam to fall below 88 %

Steam Power Plant

3- Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh,av) –contd--
 Max Steam Temp. at Turbine inlet is fixed by the Materials used
 Min Temp. of Heat Rejection is fixed by the Ambient Conditions
 Min Quality of Steam at the Turbine Exhaust is fixed by Turbine Erosion
Blade
⇒ Max Steam Pressure at the Turbine Inlet also gets fixed
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HI TEC 35

Steam Power Plant
4- Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh,av) –contd-

 Increasing the operating pressure of the boiler automatically raises the temperature at which boiling takes
place
 Operating pressures of boilers have gradually increased

over the years from about 2.7 MPa (400 psia) in 1922 to over 30
MPa
(4500 psia) today, i.e. above Tcritical of Water
 Majority of the additional heat input, relative to the Rankine

Cycle is converted into work
 Most modern fossil fuel plants employ the Supercritical Rankine
Steam Cycle which pushes the Thermal Efficiency of the plant
into the low to mid 40% range
 Drawback: boiler and turbine must be built to withstand high

pressure and high temperatures → can be quite expensive

Steam Power Plant
Boiler (Steam Generator)

Key Boiler Components
 Key Boiler Components involved in the process of heat transfer in a boiler are:
o Burner: mixes fuel and oxygen together and, with the assistance of an ignition device, provides a platform
for combustion
o Combustion Chamber: where Combustion takes place
o Heat Exchanger: heat generated in Combustion

Chamber is transferred to the water through the
heat exchanger
o Controls: to regulate:
• ignition
• burner firing rate
• fuel supply
• air supply
• exhaust draft
• water temperature
• steam and boiler pressure Mechanical Engineeri
ng Dept. HITEC 37
Steam Power Plant

1- Water Tube Boilers
 Water flows in the inside of the tubes and hot gases from combustion flow around the outside of the tubes
 Combustion Gases heat the water into a steam-water mixture which, because it becomes less dense than
liquid water inside the Feed-water Drum, rises
 Mixture ascends in tubes called Risers to the Steam Drum
Mechanical Enginee ring Dept. HITEC 38

Steam Power Plant

1- Water Tube Boilers – contd--
 Steam from the water-vapor mixture is removed and released into the system
 Water remaining in the steam drum returns to the feedwater drum through pipes called Downcomers

Steam Power Plant

2- Fire Tube Boilers
 Hot gases of combustion flow through a series of tubes surrounded by water
 Heat Energy of the gasses is transferred to the water surrounds them
 Steam is generated in the water and naturally comes up and is stored upon the water in
the same vessel of fire tube boiler
Mechanical Engineering Dept. H ITEC 40

Steam Power Plant
Cooling Tower
 A device that passes outside air over the water to remove the system heat from the water
 Evaporation takes heat from the remaining water and adds to the capacity of the tower
 Cooling Tower is limited in capacity to the amount of evaporation that occurs
 Evaporation Rate is linked to the Wet-bulb Temperature of the outside air (humidity)
 Towers can be either:

(1) Natural Draft 35 oC
(2) Forced Draft
35 oC
26 oC
29 oC
Steam Power Plant
Thermodynamics of the Compact Steam Power Plant

Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb Temperature
 Dry Bulb Temperature (DB): Temperature of the air, as sensed by a thermometer, freely
exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture
 Wet Bulb Temperature (WB): Temperature sensed by a thermometer

whose bulb is wrapped with a water-soaked wick, in rapidly moving air
o If the surrounding air is very dry, the moisture will evaporate quickly,
causing the WB to drop lower
o If surrounding air is very wet (high relative humidity), rate of
evaporation will be very low and the WB reading will be closer to the
DB reading
o WB can never be higher than the DB
Steam Power Plant
Cooling Tower
1- Natural-Draft Towers
 Natural-Draft Tower does not have a blower to move air through the tower
 Water is sprayed into the top of the tower through spray heads, and some of the water evaporates as it falls
to the bottom of the tower
 Mustbe located in the path of prevailing winds
Mechanic al Engineering Dept. HITEC 43

Steam Power Plant
Cooling Tower
2- Forced or Induced-Draft Towers
 They have a fan to move air over a wetted surface
 Presence of fans provides a means of regulating air flow, to compensate for changing atmospheric and load
conditions, by fan capacity manipulation

Air Flow is directly opposite of
the water flow
Air Flow is directed

perpendicular to the water flow

Steam Power Plant
Dynamometer
 A device that can measure Force, Power, or Speed
 E.g., power produced by an engine motor or other rotating prime mover can be calculated by simultaneously
measuring Torque and Rotational Speed (RPM)
 produced in the housing is measured

Torque strain gauge and speed by speed
by the
sensor
Mech anical Engineering Dept. HITEC 46

Steam Power Plant

Steam Power Plant

Feed Pump for Boiler
h1 = h0 + (p1 – pa)v0
h0 = Enthalpy of the Feed Water at feed water Temperature T1 (kj/kg)

h1 = Enthalpy of water after feed Pump (kj/kg)
pa = Atmospheric Pressure (kPa)
p1 = Boiler Pressure (kPa)
vo = Specific Volume of saturated feed water at T1
From Condenser Tank

Steam Power Plant

Boiler Efficiency
h2 = Enthalpy of saturated steam leaving the boiler (kj/kg)

h1 = Enthalpy of water after feed Pump (kj/kg)
mf = Mass flow rate of the fuel (kg/s)
mc = Mass flow rate of the condensate
= feed water flow rate (kg/s)
Qf = Lower Heating Value of Fuel (kJ/kg)
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HIT EC 49

Steam Power Plant

Heating Value of Fuel (Calorific Value)
 Amount of heat released when a fuel is burned completely in a steady-flow process
 Measured as a unit of energy per unit mass or volume of substance (e.g., kcal/kg, kJ/kg, J/mol or Btu/m³)
 Heating Value depends on the phase of H O in the products
2
1- Lower Heating Value (LHV, Net Calorific Value)
 Amount of heat released by combusting a specified quantity

(initially at 25°C) and returning the temperature of the
combustion products to 150°C
 Itassumes the Latent Heat of Vaporization of water in

the reaction products is not recovered
⇒ water formed during combustion remains as steam

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HI TEC 50
Steam Power Plant

2- Higher Heating Value (HHV, Gross Calorific Value)
 Amount of heat released by a specified quantity (initially at 25°C) once it is combusted and the products
have returned to a temperature of 25°C
 Ittakes into account the Latent Heat of Vaporization of water in the

combustion products
E.g., LHV and HHV of Gasoline are 44,000 kJ/kg and

47,300 kJ/kg, respectively

Steam Power Plant
Super Heat Efficiency

h2 = Enthalpy of saturated steam leaving the boiler (kj/kg)
h3 = Enthalpy of steam entering the steam turbine (kj/kg)


Steam Power Plant

Steam Turbine or Engine Mechanical Power Output and Efficiency
Pom = Mechanical Power Output (W) Nd = Dynamometer speed (rpm) Tq = Dynamometer Torque (Nm)
 Efficiency of the Steam Engine or Steam Turbine:
h3 = Enthalpy of steam entering the steam turbine (kj/kg)

h4 = Enthalpy of steam leaving the steam turbine (kj/kg)

Mechanical Engineering D ept. HITEC 53

Steam Power Plant
Overall Power Plant Efficiency
 Mechanical (with a Dynamo):

Pom = Mechanical Power Output (W)
 Electrical(with a Generator):
Pom = Electrical Power Output (W)

Steam Power Plant

Condenser Heat Transfer Efficiency
mc = Mass Flow Rate of the Condensate (kg/s)
mw = Mass Flow Rate of the Cooling Water (kg/s)
h5 = Enthalpy of the Condensate (kj/kg)
h4 = Enthalpy of steam leaving the steam

turbine (kj/kg)
T7 = Temperature of Cooling Water Inlet to
Condenser (oC)
T8 = Temperature of Cooling Water Outlet
from Condenser (oC)

Steam Power Plant

Cooling Efficiency of Cooling Tower
T7 = Temperature of Cooling Water Inlet to Condenser (oC)
T8 = Temperature of Cooling Water Outlet from Condenser (oC)
Tw = Wet Bulb Temperature of air (oC)

Steam Power Plant

Cooling Efficiency of Cooling Tower
T8 = 29 oC =
T9 = 21 o C=
Tw = 18 C = o
Me chanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 57

Lecture 4-Plant Systems

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MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

STEAM POWER PLANT

To condensate the steam, large quantity of cooling

Coal handling plant section

• Wagon unloading system

The Ash from the boiler is collected in two forms:

Ash Pond Cylo

more commonly used, lighter, occupies less space and

The electrical output of the alternator is delivered to

3% of water is wasted during this process. Appx 4 c

Electric Power Generation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 2

Electric Power Generation

o Increasing magnetic field strength surrounding the coil

 Magnitude of the electromagnetic induction is

Mechanical Engineering Dep t. HITEC 3

Power Plants & Types of Power Plant

Power Plants & Types of Power Plant

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 5

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 6

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 7

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 8

Power Plants & Types of Power Plant

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 9

Power Plants & Types of Power Plant

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 10

Introduction to Steam Power Plant

Steam has the advantage that,

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 11

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 12

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 Efficiency of the Vapor Power Cycle:

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Temperature and Pressure Relationship

 Temperature at which a liquid boils is not

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Temperature and Pressure Relationship

Boiling Point of water can be changed and controlled by controlling the

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Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles

Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles

Area under process curve 2-3:

Area under process curve 4-1:

o Differencebetween these two (the area

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Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle

(ii) For Turbine (as control volume)

(iii) For Condenser (as control volume)

(iii) For Feed Pump(as control volume)

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Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle

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Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle

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Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones

Fluid Friction causes pressure drops in the

To compensate for these pressure drops, the

⇒ requires a larger pump and larger work

Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones

 To maintain the same level of net work output,

⇒ Cycle Efficiency Decreases

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Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones

 states 2a and 4a are Actual Exit States of the