QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH DESIGNS
Experimental and Non-Experimental
Research Designs
 QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN

EXPERIMENTAL NON-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGNS RESEARCH DESIGNS
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Is a systematic, objective, and controlled
investigation for the purpose of predicting and
controlling phenomena and examining causality
among selected variables.
• Methods used to collect data in experimental
studies
• Deals with the cause and effect relationship.
• It utilizes two sets of variables (independent and
dependent)
 TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
• TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
- The researcher/s has control over the variables,
treatment/intervention and the subjects.
- there is an experimental and a control group.

- Subjects are randomly assigned to groups.

 TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS
1. Pretest-Posttest Controlled Group
2. Posttest Only Controlled Group
3. Solomon Four-Group
Pretest-Posttest Controlled
Group Design
1.Subjects are RANDOMLY assigned to groups.
2.Pretest is given to both groups.
3.Experimental group receives the
treatment/intervention.
4.Control group does not receive the treatment.
5.Posttest is given to both groups.
Research Title: Peer Tutoring: Its Effects on Reading Fluency
of Senior High Scholl Students

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTROL GROUP

PRETEST ON READING PRETEST ON READING

FLUENCY FLUENCY
INTERVENTION: PEER NO INTERVENTION
TUTORING
POSTTEST ON READING POSTTEST ON READING
FLUENCY FLUENCY
 Posttest Only Controlled
Group Design
1.Subjects are RANDOMLY assigned to groups.
2.Experimental group receives the
treatment/intervention.
3.Control group does not receive the treatment.
4.Posttest is given to both groups.
Research Title: Peer Tutoring: Its Effects on Reading Fluency
of Senior High Scholl Students

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTROL GROUP

NO PRETEST NO PRETEST

INTERVENTION: PEER NO INTERVENTION

TUTORING
POSTTEST ON READING POSTTEST ON READING
FLUENCY FLUENCY
Solomon Four-Group Design
1.Subjects are RANDOMLY assigned to FOUR (4)
groups.
2.Pretest is given to TWO (2) GROUPS.
3.The other two groups receive/do not receive the
treatment.
4.Posttest is given to all four groups.
Research Title: Peer Tutoring: Its Effects on Reading Fluency
of Senior High Scholl Students

EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL

GROUP 1 GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 2
PRETEST PRETEST NO PRETEST NO PRETEST
NO NO
INTERVENTION INTERVENTION INTERVENTION INTERVENTION
POSTTEST POSTTEST POSTTEST POSTTEST
 TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
• QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
- In this design, it is either no control
group or the subject are NOT
RANDOMLY assigned to groups.
 QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS
1. Non-Equivalent Controlled Group
2. Time-Series Design
Non-Equivalent Controlled
Group
1.Subjects are NOT RANDOMLY assigned to groups.
2.Pretest is given to both groups.
3.Experimental group receives the
treatment/intervention.
4.Control group does not receive the treatment.
5.Posttest is given to both groups.
 Research Title: Peer Tutoring: Its Effects on Reading Fluency
of Senior High Scholl Students

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTROL GROUP

PRETEST ON READING PRETEST ON READING

FLUENCY FLUENCY
INTERVENTION: PEER NO INTERVENTION
TUTORING
POSTTEST ON READING POSTTEST ON READING
FLUENCY FLUENCY

NOTE: The subjects are NOT RANDOMLY assigned to groups.

 Time-Series Design
1.The researcher PERIODICALLY observes or
measures the subjects.
PRETEST POSTTEST
MULTIPLE MULTIPLE
OBSERVATIONS OBSERVATIONS
 NON-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
• A research that lacks the manipulation of an
independent variable. Rather than manipulating
an independent variable, researchers conducting
non-experimental research simply measure
variables as they naturally occur.
 TYPES OF NON-
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
- A scientific method which involves observing and
describing the behavior of a subject without
influencing it in any way.
- it is used to obtain information concerning the current
status of the phenomena and to describe “what exists”
with respect to variables or conditions in a situation.
 TYPES OF NON-
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
- It primarily focuses on describing the nature of
a demographic segment; focuses more on the
“WHAT” of the research subject.
- Can not describe what caused a situation
(Does not cover the question “why it
happened?”)
 TYPES OF NON-
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Examples:
1. What is the level of satisfaction of the customers?
2. What is the behavior of the students in an online
class?
3. What is the perceptions of the buyers on a certain
brand?
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Describes a particular phenomenon, and get the
general overview of it.
• Aims to generalize the result
• Works with a large sample size
• Normally collects quantitative data (numbers,
statistics)
• Variables are uncontrolled
 TYPES OF NON-
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN
- Studies the relationship between two variables.
- Establishing a relationship between two
variables.
- Looks for variables that seem to interact with
each other.
 TYPES OF NON-
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN
- Used to investigate the direction and
magnitude of relationships between
variables.
- designed to study the changes in one
characteristic/phenomenon which
corresponds to the changes in another.
2 ASPECTS OF
CORRELATION
DIRECTION MAGNITUDE
Refers to the direction of Refers to how strongly
the relationship between related the variables are. It
two variables. The can either be, strong,
direction of correlation can weak, or zero.
either be positive,
negative, or zero.
 DIRECTION
• Positive Correlation
- Indicates that there is a positive relationship between
the two variables.
- As one variable increases, the other variable also
increases.
 DIRECTION
• Negative Correlation
- Shows negative relationship between two variables.
- As one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
 DIRECTION
• Zero Correlation
- There is no relationship between two variables.
- A change in one variable does not lead to any changes in
the other variable.

Ex. An increase in height does not lead to any changes in

the intelligence of a person.
 MAGNITUDE
• Strong Correlation
• Weak Correlation
• Zero Correlation