CHEMICAL BOND

https://edpuzzle.com/media/65ed72871eebb15b15be03
af
EXERCISES: DETERMINE THE TYPE OF COVALENT BOND BASED
ON THE NUMBER OF SHARED ELECTRON PAIRS AND POLARITY.

SINGLE/POLAR SINGLE/POLAR
COVALENT COVALENT
BOND BOND

SINGLE/NON- SINGLE/POLAR
POLAR COVALENT
COVALENT BOND
BOND
EXERCISES: DETERMINE THE TYPE OF COVALENT BOND BASED
ON THE NUMBER OF SHARED ELECTRON PAIRS AND POLARITY.

TRIPLE/NON-
POLAR
COVALENT
BOND

DOUBLE/NON-
DOUBLE/NON- POLAR
POLAR COVALENT
COVALENT BOND
BOND
Writing Chemical
Formula
and
Chemical Names
 A chemical formula shows the kinds
and number of atoms in the smallest
representative unit of the substance. You
can represent the chemical formulas of
monatomic elements by means of their
atomic symbols. For example, helium
and neon have the chemical formulas He
and Ne, respectively.
 If the molecules of the element each
have more than one atom, a number is
used as a subscript. For example, the
diatomic form of oxygen has the
formula . Same goes in all other diatomic
elements like hydrogen (), Fluorine ()
Nitrogen (), Chlorine (), Bromine () and
Iodine ().
A molecular formula shows the kinds
and number of atoms present in a
molecular compound. A water molecule
is a tightly bound unit of two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom. The
molecular formula of water is O.
 A chemical formula can also be written
for ionic and covalent compounds. In this
case, however, the formula does not
represent a molecule. Remember that
sodium chloride (table salt) is an ionic
compound.
 STEPS IN WRITING CHEMICAL
FORMULA for IONIC and COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
The learners can visit the link to watch another video clip
about how to write a chemical formula of common
compounds.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJ4Mds0CWLE

Write the chemical formula of the following:

1. Ca2+ + CO32- =
2. Mg2+ + Br1- =
3. Na+ + Cl- =
4. Ca2+ + F- =
 LEWIS-DOT STRUCTURES and its GENERAL
RULES
LEWIS-DOT STRUCTURES - are simplified drawings of
how valence electrons are arranged around atoms in a
molecule. They also illustrate bonds between elements in
a molecule. Lewis-dot structures use “OCTET RULE.”
The octet rule states that atoms gain, lose or share
electrons on the atoms outer shell.
What are the rules in drawing the Lewis-dot structures?
Step 1: Determine the total number of valence electrons.
Step 2: Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.
Step 3: Use two valence electrons to form each bond in
the skeleton structure.
Step 4: Try to satisfy the octets of the atoms by
distributing the remaining valence electrons as
nonbonding electrons.
The students can watch a video clip
about drawing a Lewis dot structure.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sk7W2VgbhOg
EXERCISES
ANSWER KEY
Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
 When atoms gains or lose electrons to yield ions,
or combine with other atoms to form molecules,
their symbols are modified or combined to
generate chemical formulas that appropriately
represents these species. Extending these
symbolism to represent both the identities and
the relative quantities of substances undergoing
a chemical or physical change involves writing
and balancing chemical equations.
 The students can manipulate another simulation in
balancing chemical equations.

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/balancing-chemical-equations/latest/balancing-chemical-equations_all.html
EXAMPLE OF CHEMICAL REACTION
EXERCISE. BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Remember that chemical formulas are balanced with
coefficients. These coefficients are the mole ratio.
EXAMPLE
 MOLE RATIO
The coefficients from the balanced equations are used to write conversion
factors called mole ratio. The mole ratios are used to calculate the number
of moles of product from a given number of moles of reactant or to
calculate the number of moles of reactant from a given number of moles of
product. To illustrate this idea, consider the production of ammonia by
reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen.

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁 2 2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻 3 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2

3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁 2 2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻 3
 EXAMPLE. MOLE TO MOLE CONVERSIONS
How many moles of are required to react with 0.429 mol of Al
according to
 EXERCISE. MOLE TO MOLE

SOLUTION

= 1.36 x

ANSWER
= 2.04 mol
 MASS TO MASS CONVERSIONS
No laboratory balanced can measure substances directly in moles.
Instead, the amount of substances is usually determined by measuring its
mass in grams. From the mass of the reactant or product, the mass of any
other reactant or product in a given chemical equation can be calculated.
The mole interpretation of a balanced equation is the basis of this
conversion. If the given sample is measured in grams, the mass can be
converted to moles by using the molar mass. Then the mole ratio from the
balanced equation can be used to calculate the number of moles of the
unknown. If it is the mass of the unknown that needs to be determined, the
number of moles of the unknown can be multiplied by the molar mass. As
in mole-mole calculations, the unknown can be either a reactant or a
product.
EXAMPLE. MASS TO MASS CONVERSIONS
EXERCISE. MASS TO MASS
MASS TO MOLE CONVERSIONS
EXERCISE. MASS TO MOLE CONVERSIONS
 https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/reactants-products-and-leftovers/latest/reactants-products-and-leftovers_all.html

The learners will explore and manipulate the simulation to understand the logic of reactants, product and leftover in the
simulation in identifying the limiting reactants.
LIMITING REACTANTS
LIMITING REACTANTS
LIMITING REACTANTS
LIMITING REACTANTS
EXAMPLE. IDENTIFYING LIMITING REACTANT
EXAMPLE. IDENTIFYING LIMITING REACTANT
EXERCISE. IDENTIFYING LIMITING REACTANT
Sodium chloride can be prepared by the reaction of sodium meta
with chlorine gas.

(g)

Suppose that 6.70 mol Na reacts with 3.20 mol .

What is the limiting agent?

moles sodium = 6.70 mol Na

moles chlorine = 3.20 mol
2 mol Na = 1 mol
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙 2
6.70 mol Na x 2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎 = 3.35 mol

The calculations indicates that 3.35 mol is needed to react with 6.70mol Na. Because only 3.20
mol is available, chlorine becomes the limiting reagent, sodium then must be in excess.
 PERCENT YIELD
THEORETICAL YIELD – the amount of product that may be produced by a
reaction under specified conditions.
ACTUAL YIELD – the amount of product obtained, often it is less than the
theoretical yield for a number of reasons like some reactions are inherently
inefficient being accompanied by side reactions that generate other products.
Others are by nature, incomplete (partial reactions of weak acids and bases).
Some products are difficult to collect without some loss, and so less than
perfect recovery will reduce to actual yield.
EXAMPLE. IDENTIFYING PERCENT YIELD
 EXERCISE. PERCENT YIELD

12.5 g x x x = 15.9 g

percent yield = x 100 = 48.3 %

References:
https://web.ung.edu/media/chemistry/Chapter4/Chapter4-StoichiometryOfChemicalReactions.pdf
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/balancing-chemical-equations
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/reactants-products-and-leftovers
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/build-a-molecule
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sk7W2VgbhOg
https://edpuzzle.com/media/65ed72871eebb15b15be03af
https://wordwall.net/a/evnqwf

Science Links Grade 9 pp. 168 – 200

Chemistry Addison - Wesley