Chemical Bonding and

Molecular Structure
GRADE 11
Lewis Symbols

The valence electrons are shown by

electron dots or crosses around the
symbol.
The central atom is
usually the atom with
the lowest subscript in
the molecular formula
and the atom that can
form the most bonds. If
all of the atoms usually
form the same number
of bonds, the least
electronegative atom is
usually the central atom
FORMAL CHARGE
• Electron deficient molecules
Odd – electron molecules
Expanded Octet
1. Bond length is the equilibrium distance between the nuclei
of two bonded atoms in a molecule.
 angle: The angle between the orbitals containing
2. Bond
bonding electron pairs around the central atom in a
molecule
3. Bond Energy
Resonance

• When a compound can be represented by more than one

Lewis structure and the actual structure is the hybrid of all
these structures

• Different Lewis structures are called canonical structures.

• The actual hybrid structure has less energy(more stable )

than the others.
Resonance structures of Carbonate
VALENCE BOND THEORY

A covalent bond is formed between by the overlapping of half filled valence atomic
orbitals having opposite spins.

It is the basics of Hybradisation

Hybridization

It is the intermixing of atomic orbitals of different energies and shapes to

get an equal number of orbitals of similar energies and shapes are called
hybrid orbitals and the phenomenon is called Hybridization.

Characteristics of Hybridization

1. Orbitals with almost equal energy take part in the hybridization.

2. Number of hybrid orbitals produces is equal to the atomic orbitals
mixed.
3. Geometry of a covalent molecule can be indicated by hybridization.
4. In some cases filled valence orbitals also take part in hybridisation.
Hybridization Of BeCl2
Hybridisation : SP (50% s-character and 50% p character)
Shape of molecule: Linear
Hybridization: SP3
Shape: Tetrahedral
Shape : Trigonal Planar
Hybridization of water
Hybridization of ammonia
Hybridisation of elements involving d-orbitals
Formation of PCl5
Structure of PCl5

Geometry: Trigonal bipyramidal

Formation of SF6
Intermolecular Hydrogen bonding: It is formed between two
different molecules of the same or different compounds
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding: It is formed between the hydrogen
atom any highly electronegative atom (F,O,N) present in the same
molecule.
Intermolecular Hydrogen bonding Versus Intramolecular Hydrogen bonding