SOUTHERN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

ENGINEERING TECHNICAL COLLEGE

FUEL AND ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ENGINEERING

DONE BY
AYA EMAD SHAKER
FATIMA HUSSAM TALIB
MOHAMMED AYAD SUBHI
 INTRODUCTION

Vapor condensing, depositing,

atomization, and spraying can all produce
droplets. In nature and a variety of
engineering and science applications,
droplets are found. Dew, fog, rainbows,
clouds, rain, waterfall mists, and ocean
sprays are all examples of nature's
droplets. Shower heads, garden hoses,
hair sprays, paint sprays, and many other
sprayers can disperse droplets into the air
around them .
 Literature review

A Bespoke Contact Angle Measurement Software and Experimental

Study 1 Setup for Determination of Surface Tension

01
Determination of Contact Angle from Contact Area of Liquid Droplet
Study 2
Spreading on Solid Substrate 02

Study 3
03
Surface-wetting characterization using contact-angle measurements

04
Contact angle temperature dependence for water droplets on practical
Study 4
aluminum surfaces

3
 SURFACE TENSION

Surface tension: the strength of this force per unit length

and is units of N/m (or lbf / ft in English terminology).
 Definitions

wettability cohesive force

02 01

04 03
Non- wettability adhesive force.
 Factors Affecting Surface Tension

Temperature 01
02 Chemical additions
Impurities 03
04 Surfactant
 contact angle

SUSANNA LAURÉN knew

the contact angle as : "
The contact angle is
geometrically the angle
formed by a liquid at the
three-phase boundary
where a liquid, gas, and
solid intersect " .
 Methods of Measurement the contact angle

Tilting Wilhelmy
method method
 Methods of Measurement the contact angle

θ/2 or
Needle
height-
width method

θ =2*θ1
 contact angle applications

a) Coatings
b)Medicines
c) Manufacturing of textiles, clothing and electronics.[30]
d)Pipes for transporting liquid materials such as oil and its derivatives.
e) Extracting oil from the reservoir
 Objectives

 Improving the extraction of crude oil from the oil reservoir.

 Facilitate the calculation of surface tension and contact angle without

using a camera.
Instruments and Device description
 Procedures of experiment

1.Connect the device to electricity.

2. We set the room temperature at a certain temperature with a thermocouple, and the
heater starts heating the room to reach the target temperature

3. We inject the drop of a specific liquid on a non-rough surface horizontally with the
needle.

4. we take a photo of it in horizontal mode.

5. We start by tilting the surface until the moment of sliding and we record the angle of the
moment of sliding and also a picture is taken of it.

6. We repeat the process for different temperatures and record the readings (the slip angles
are recorded depending on the observation of the protractor).
 results
Temp. (C) angle of average angle average angle height of radius of drop
surface of drop on a of drop on a drop
horizontal inclined surface
surface
32.5 11.75 37.84 11.67 41 135

37.5 11.1 35.85 10.92 28 123

42.5 10.5 32.61 10.63 22 119.5

47.5 9.96 26.2 10.1 17 111.4

52.5 9.46 25.46 9.7 15 107.8

57.5 9.02 21.39 9.13 9 103.2

Water calculation
Temp. (C) angle of average angle of drop on a average angle of drop on a height of radius of
surface horizontal surface inclined surface drop drop

32.5 7.29 10.15 7.36 12.4 266

37.5 7.1 11.875 7.21 11.1 245

42.5 6.87 13.52 6.93 10.7 239

47.5 6.66 13.95 6.71 10.185 223

52.5 6.47 17.24 6.56 9.37 217

57.5 6.31 18.88 6.27 8.9 203

Oil calculation
 Discussion

The relationship between the height and diameter of the droplet and the temperature is an inverse relationship. The
higher the temperature, the lower both of them, because the volume of the droplet that is injected becomes smaller.

The result of measuring the angle of the surface is the sliding of the drop and the angle of the drop placed on an
inclined surface are convergent, and that the measurement of the angle of the drop can be replaced by the angle of the
drop surface.
 Discussion

The relationship between the height and diameter of the droplet and the temperature is an inverse relationship. The
higher the temperature, the lower both of them, because the volume of the droplet that is injected becomes smaller.

The result of measuring the angle of the surface is the sliding of the drop and the angle of the drop placed on an
inclined surface are convergent, and that the measurement of the angle of the drop can be replaced by the angle of the
drop surface.
 Conclusion

• The results of this study showed that the angle of the surface is equal to
the angle of the drop placed on an inclined surface

• The study is an easy and simplified method for calculating the contact
angle of a droplet without using a camera