Data Array

Frequency
Frequency distribution
Class and class limit
Class boundaries
Class interval
Mid points or class Marks
Cumulative frequency
Relative frequency
Types of Frequency Distribution
i) Ungrouped Frequency Distribution
ii) Grouped Frequency Distribution
 Data Array
 Observation that are systematically arranged
 Frequency
 The number of occurrences of a particular observation in a data is called frequency of that class
and is denoted by “f”
 OR
 The number of observations falling in a particular group (class) is called frequency

 Distribution
 The process of distributing the observation in a proper pattern is called distribution.
Frequency Distribution

 Frequency distribution
 A table in which the values of a quantitative variable are distributed into groups or classes
along with frequencies is called frequency distribution or frequency table.it is a very
simple and easily understandable method for classification of quantitative data. Before
constructing frequency distributions, let us know some related terminologies and
definition.
Class and class limits

 Class and class limits

 In a frequency table each group is described by two numbers. For example, (18 - 25)
called class whereas the numbers which bound the class are called class limits. The
smaller number is called lower class limit (18) and the greater number is called upper
class limit (25).
 Class boundaries
 The class boundaries are the actual class limits. There are computed to separate one class
from another and remove the difficulty in knowing the class in which a particular
observation is actually lying.
 Class boundaries =
Continued…

 Class interval
 The class interval or width of the class is equal to the difference between two successive
lower limits or upper limits or mid points or between the class boundaries and usually
denoted by “h”
 Mid points of a class
 Mid-point or class mark is that value which divides a class into two equal parts. It is
denoted by “x”

Continued…

 Cumulative frequency
 Cumulative frequency of a class is the summation of all frequency up to that class for
which cumulative frequency is needed and is denoted by “c.f”.
 Relative frequency
 Relative frequency of a class is obtained by dividing the actual(total) frequency of the
class by the total frequency and is denoted by “r.f”. when it is multiplied by 100, it
becomes percentages relative frequency.
 Relative Frequency =
 Percentage Relative Frequency =
Continued…
 Types of frequency distribution
 Ungrouped frequency distribution
 Grouped frequency distribution


 Ungroup frequency distribution (for discrete ungrouped data)

 The following steps are used for constructing an ungroup frequency distribution:
 Step1: First step is to denote the variable by X and then make a column of the X values
that are in our data.
 Step 2: Second step is to construct two more column that are adjacent to the column of X.
the first of these two columns is for tally marks and the second for frequency.
 Step 3: Third step is to sum the frequency column and check with the total number of
observations
 Examples: The following are the number of mangoes on different branches of a plant.

4 2 6 1 2 2 4 5 10 3 1 10

7 4 4 4 1 6 8 6 3 10 7 4

9 7 1 4 4 9 6 2 8 2 2 5

2 1 3 7 3 5 6 5 3 5 8 1

5 4 8 3 10 2 1 8 6 9 9 1

9 5 8 3 5 4 2 1 1 7 1 2
 Sol:
 The variable involve is no. of mangoes which is discrete.
 Therefore, the ungroup frequency distribution for the data is:
X(no. of mangoes) Tally Frequency

1 ||||||||| 11

2 |||| |||| 10

3 |||||| 7

4 |||||||| 10

5 ||||||| 8

6 ||||| 6

7 |||| 5

8 ||||| 6

9 |||| 5

10 |||| 4

Total 72
Assignment….

 The following are the no. of students in each class. Construct the frequency distribution.

12 14 16 11 15 17 12 17 18 12 14 19

14 16 11 13 13 15 17 18 16 12 19 17

17 19 11 13 12 20 11 18 19 12 13 18

11 12 13 14 14 14 16 16 15 15 16 11

14 15 18 15 13 14 14 13 17 12 10 19

11 15 19 18 20 10 20 20 13 16 17 14
Grouped frequency distribution

The following are the keys point for group frequency distribution.
 Class interval(class)
 Class limits
 Class boundaries
 Mid-point (class mark)
 Class width (class size) "h”
Construction of Grouped frequency
distribution (continuous grouped data)

The following steps are used for constructing a grouped frequency distribution.
 Step 1: First step is to decide the number of classes for this purpose there are no hard
and fast rules but statistical experience tell us that no less than 5 and no more than 20
classes are generally used.
 Rule: if then, we take “k” classes. N is total no. of observation & “k” is no. of classes
 OR
 K= 1 + 3.33 Log(N)
 Step 2: To determine the range of variation in the data
 i.e; R= –
 where, R is the range,
 is the largest value & is the smallest value?
Continued….

 Step 3: To determine the approximate width (size) of the class by dividing range of
variation by the number of classes (k).
 Class width = Range/classes(k)
 Step 4: To decide lower class limit of the lowest class which is usually start with the
smallest data value.
 Step 5: To list all the class and class boundaries.
 Step 6: To distribute the data into the appropriate classes by using a Tally- column.
 Step 7: To complete the frequency column.
 Example: Make a grouped frequency distribution from the following data relating to the
weight recorded to the nearest grams of 60 apples picked out at random from a
consignment
106 107 76 82 109 107 115 93 187 95 123 125

111 92 86 70 126 68 130 129 139 119 115 128

100 186 84 99 113 204 111 141 136 123 90 115

98 110 78 185 162 178 140 152 173 146 158 194

148 90 107 181 131 75 184 104 110 80 118 82

 Sol:
 Range =
 = 204 - 68
 = 136 grams
 Classes (K)= 1+3.33log (60) = 6.92 7
 Class width=136/7 = 19.43 which is approximately equal to 20
Assignment….

 Examples: The following data related to height of 2 nd semester students (height in inches)

56 55 59 58 59 63 61 62

62 61 62 62 65 64 65 64

67 64 69 59 55 64 56 67

66 63 61 65 62 59 62 66

69 61 58 64 63 62 64 65