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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Debasmita Pal
Syllabus
What is modulation?
Encoding input message for transmission Table 1: Frequency band of some common signal
Signal Frequency band
Why modulation is required? Speech and music 20 Hz- 20 kHz
• Reducing antenna height
• Voice signal 300 Hz – 3.5 KHz
Avoid signal mixing
• For multiplexing Video signal 4.2 MHz
• Reduce interference
• Reduce channel noise
• Increase range of communication
Types of communication (according to modulation)
Communication
Modulation
Double side band Vestigial side band Frequency modulation Phase modulation
(DSB) modulation (VSB) modulation
4.Filter
Some important signals
{ ( )
𝑡
{
1 1
1 ; 𝑡=0 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − <𝑡 <
𝛿 ( 𝑡 )= 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝜏 2 2
0;𝑡 ≠ 0 0 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Some basic operations on signal
x(t) 2.x(t)
1. Amplitude scaling 𝑡0 t 𝑡0 t
4. Multiplication of signals
x(t) 𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝑡 1 )
Time shifting (right) by
A A
𝑡0 t 𝑡1 𝑡 0+ 𝑡 1 t
𝑡0 t 𝑡1 t 𝑡0
𝑡 0+ 𝑡 t1
Figure 6: Addition of two signals
x(t)
x(t) y(t) 𝐴× 𝐵
B Multiplication of x(t) and y(t)
A
𝑡0 t 𝑡1 t 𝑡 0 𝑡1 t
Figure 7: Multiplication of two signals
Fourier transform
• Transform signal from time domain to frequency domain Modulation property of Fourier transform:
If then
𝑥 (𝑡 ) 𝐹 𝑇 𝑋 ( 𝑓 )
⇔
where or
Constant function
Filtering in communication
X(f)
Bandwidth of a signal: Low pass filter
Bandwidth of a signal = Highest positive frequency – Lowest positive frequency
- 𝑓 𝑐1 f
Why filtering in communication?
• Band limiting a signal: Transmission channels have limited band width X(f)
High pass filter
• Lower interference with noise
• Carrier signal - 𝑓 𝑐1 - 𝑓 𝑐2
• Modulated signal
M’(f)
• Single tone and multi tone modulation
• Envelope detection
- - 𝑓 𝑐2 - 𝑓 𝑐 1− 𝑓 𝑐 2 𝑓 𝑐2
• Power effeciency