Prepared by Satish kumar koushlesh, FRM MA1 07

Introduction
Dynamic systems
Linear features transfers water falling on the land to the

sea. World total river length 2,69,000km Area 358000 sq.km (In Asia-141000 sq.km) More number of rivers in South America Plays important role in capture fisheries Other uses : for transportation, power generation, agriculture, industry

LONGEST RIVERS
RIVER LENGTH ( in km ) Nile 6650

Amazon

6400

Yang tse

6300

Length of Rivers in Indian subcontinent

Rivers Length in km

The Ganga

2525

The Brahmputra

2900

Indus

2000

Godavari

1465

Endowed with vast expense of open inland waters rivers, lakes, canals, estuaries, backwater, brackish water, wetlands.

45,000 km- combined length of all major rivers.

113 river basins 3.12 million km square

INDIAN RIVERINE RESOURCES

River length as whole (including canals) : 1,95,210 km Resource potential :29000 km Zonation of rivers : 1. Rhithron zone 2. Potamon zone Based on the migratory habits, fishes are classified into: 1. Resident species 2. Local migrants 3. Long distant migrants

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Classified based on area of drainage basin A. Major rivers (>20000 Sq.Km) B. Medium rivers (2000 20000 Sq. Km) C. Minor rivers ( <2000 Sq. Km)

Major rivers Medium Minor -

15 45 102

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Classification on the basis of availability of water and duration as Perennial e g. Himalayan rivers Seasonal - e g. peninsular rivers Average fish yield 1 tonn /km Ranges from 0.64-1.64 tonn /km

Indian fish fauna is an assemblage of about 25000 species of which 930 belonging to 326 genera inhabit inland waters. Based on the studies made in selected stretches of rivers Ganga, Brahmaputra, Godavari and Krishna, the fish yield varies from 0.64 to 1.64 ton / km /yr .

CONTINUED
In India there are 14 major rivers : Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, Brahmani, Krishna , Mahanadi, Sabarmathi, Narmada, Mahi, Tapti, Godawari , Pennar , Cauvery and Subarnarekha

 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Broadly classified into 5 system The Ganga riverine system The Brahmaputra riverine system The Indus riverine system The East Coast riverine system The West Coast riverine system

The riverine system broadly divided into two categories. 1. Himalayan river system the Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra
2.

Deccan river system /peninsular river systems East coast river system West coast river system

Himalayan rivers snow fed, rain fed Fluctuations in water level is very less

Peninsular rivers Depend upon rains

I.

I.

II.
II.

seasonal

Originates from mountain Kailash in Tibet Five major tributaries are: 1. Jhelum 400 km ( J & k) 2. Chenab - 330 km. ( J&K ,HP) 3. Beas - 460 km. (HP , Punjab) 4. Sutlej - 1450 km ( HP , Punjab) 5. Ravi - 725 km ( J&k, HP, Punjab)

Indus river alone has a length of 2000 km. The major tributaries has a combined length of 5600 Km . Most of The strech is in Pakistan. In India The Indus river system supports carp fishery and other cold water species including cat fish and exotic brown and rainbow trout. Upper reaches Rainbow and Brown trout. Lower reaches IMC and Catfishes.

Flows at an altitude of 3,200 masl at Leh. An account of fishery within Indus system as a whole is not available till now. Tributaries have been observed at some streches at different time by CIFRI. Upper strech minor carps L. dero , L.dyocheilus , S. richardsonii , T. putitora. Middel strech IMC (24.64 - 42.61%). Lower strech common carp ( 13.51-23.98%)

River Jhelum
Originates in the south eastern part of

Kashmir, in a spring at Verinag It flows into the Wulur lake and then to Baramula Catchment area upto Indo-Pakistan border 34,775 km Fishes : Schizothoraichthys spp, Schizothorax, Diptychus maculatus, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo dero, Salmo tutto fario, Botia birdi, Nemachelius spp.

From July 1980 to June 1982.

Cyprinus carpio (var.specularis and

var.communis) showed substantial catch.

Schizothorax(S.esocinus,S.planifrons,S.microp agan,S.punctatus,S.curvifrons,S.longipinnis) and Oreinus plagiostomus. Labeo dero, Labeo dyocheilus ,Crossochelies latius and Puntius conchonius among
Cyprinids .

River Sutlej
Originates from Rakas lake, connected to the

Mansarovar lake by a stream, in Tibet Flows north-westerly direction and enters HP and then enters Punjab plain after cutting a gorge (narrow valley) in a hill range, the Naina Devi Dhar, where the Bhakra dam having the reservoir (Gobind sagar) has been constructed Later joins to Chenab Total length 1500 km

Studied in Punjab during 2002-02. Av. Fish catch 399.9 tonnes/ year . Upper strech minor carp (68%) ,IMC(12.87%) ,catfish (5.78%) , golden mahseer (1.26%) ,Comman carp (4.52%). Middel strech -: IMC (29.19%) , catfish (13.73%), Minor carp (13.17%). Lower strech IMC (28.82%) , common carp (22.75%) , miscellaneous (25.68%) . 56 species

River Beas
Originates in Beas Kund, lying near the Rohtang

pass. Runs past Manali and Kulu (Kulu valley) Joins Sutlej near Harika, after being joined by a few tributaries Total length 615 km Catchment area 20,303 km

In 2002-05 the catch in Punjab 255 ton/yr. IMC (28.28%), minor carp (22.44%), comman carp (22.02%). 54 species

River Ravi
Originates near the Rotang pass in the Kangra

Himalayas and follows a north-westerly course Total length - 720 km Catchment area 14,442 km Fishes : Amblypharyngodon mola, Barilius bendelisis, Carassius carassius, IMC, Channa sp, and cat fishes

During 2005-07 Av. fish catch was minimum at 47.65 tonn / yr. Minor carps were the major part of the catch 31 species , 10 families.

River Chenab
Orginates from the confluence of 2 rivers, the

Chandra, and Bhaga, which themselves originate from either side of the Bara Lacha Pass in Lahul (Chandrabhaga in HP) Joined by the Ravi and the Sutlej in Pakistan Catchment area upto Indo Pakistan border 26,155 km

The Ganga riverine system

Combined length 12500 km ,(8,047km) Largest river system in India It harbours more than 265 sp Main rivers Ganga and Yamuna Total catchment area 97.6 million ha (9.71 lakh km Its water comprises the icy cold Himalayan streams and the warm, biologically more productive waters of the North Indian plains. This system drains the southern slopes of the central Himalayas and covers the states of Haryana, U.P, Bihar, West Bengal and parts of Rajasthan and M.P.

CONTN Freshwater fish fauna of India, ranging from

Mahseers, and the torrential fishes of the hills to the cultivable Gangetic carps, the Hilsa and other species 4 man made river projects for exploitation of water of river Ganga for irrigation/hydel generation Chilla canal near Rishikesh for power generation Upper Ganga, middle Ganga, and lower Ganga canals at Balawali, Bijnor and Narora for irrigation Farakka barrage at 1972 at the border of Malda and Murshidabad districts (WB), is for diverting river water to Kolkata port

THE GANGA RIVER

Perennial

river originates from Gangotri in Uttar Kashi district in the Himalayas about 3129 m above m.s.l Tributaries include : Ramaganga, Gomati, Tons, Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Ghagra, Gandak, Burhi, Sone, Bhagmati, and the Kosi Bifurcates into Bhagirathi and Padma which form the boundary between India and Bangladesh After flowing through a distance of 220 km in Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra joins the Padma at Golando After meeting another river, Maghna, 100 km downstream, it enters the Bay of Bengal

2. THE YAMUNA
Major component of the Gangetic riverine system Borders the parts of the states of Punjab and Haryana and flows through the Union territory of Delhi Length 1000 km Has its source at about 8 km north of the Yamunotri hot springs in Tehri Garwal (U.P) at 6330 m above m.s.l. in the Himalayas It flows through Delhi and joins the Ganga at Allahabad

FISH AND FISHERIES

The

head waters of the Ganga system in the upper reaches of the Himalayas have snow trouts, catfishes, mahseers, lesser Barils Upto an elevation of 1067 m, Tor putitora, T.tor, Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis, Bagarius bagarius and Labeo dero form the main food fishes In the plains, carps, catfishes, Wallago attu, Hilsa ilisha, Pangasius, Notopterus etc constitute the fishery Prawns Macrobrachium malcolmsonii The fishery of anadromous Hilsa have declined by 96% upstream of Farakka after construction of the Farakka Barrage in 1974 due to obstruction of the migration route of the fish

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Recorded species 265. Commercially important 34. IMC 45% (1961-68) , 11%(2001-08) Miscellaneous sp. 23%(1961-68) , 64% (2001-08)

FISHING GEARS USED

Fishing gears used in the Gangetic system includes : Dip net Cast net Purse net Drag net Bag net Long lines Small trap net Drift net Trawl net

The Brahmaputra river system

Combined length of Brahmaputra riverine system

4023 km Catchment area 1,87,110km It originates from a great glacier near Mansarowar Lake It runs for about 1250 km through Tsang po river and then enters India (AP) Total length 2900 km.

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It flows eastward parallel to Himalayas

Its tributaries are :

Dipang, Siang, Lohit, Duri, Dhansri etc It is slightly longer than Indus, but most of its course lies outside India

Fish and fisheries

126 sp, belonging to 26 families

Rohu, Wallago attu, Tor spp, Glyptothorax sp,

Balitora sp, Neomachelius sp, Schizothorax sp, Labeo gonius, Notopterus notopterus, N.chitala, Mystus seenghala, Clupisoma gainia decline in fishery (Mahseer) , Av. Catch / day decline by 30%.

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Carp , catfish , hilsa 30-81 % decline.

Featherbacks , miscellneous group :( 61 141 %)

increase. Commercially imp. Species 35 .

4 rivers combined : Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery .

Combined length 6437 km.

Total catchment area 121 million ha Finally drains into Bay of Bengal

Originates in the Sihawa hills in south west of Raipur district in Chhattisgarh . Total length 857 km Chhattisgarh, MP, and Orissa runs eastward in Orissa at Khargoni to reach Mahadeopalli, 140km away- Hirakud dam Drains Bay of Bengal in Paradip Fishes : Salmostoma untrahi, Erethistes

conta, Arius gagora ,Tor mahanadicus .

253 Species , 73 families. Studied during 1995-96. Upper reaches: 142.47 tonns / yr. Catfishes (39.9%). Lower reach: 152.37 tonn /yr. Major carp (34.8%).

Largest of Peninsular rivers and the third largest river in India Length 1465 km Catchment area 312,812 km Originates near Triambakeswar in Deolali hills near Nasik Divides into northern distributary (Gautami Godavari) and southern distributary (Vasista Godavari) Tributaries : Manjira, Wainganga and Indiravati Fishes : M.malcolmsonii, L. fimbriatus,

C.mrigala

Exploratory survey by CIFRI (1997-99). Occurance of Oreochromis mossambicus .

Absence of Tor mussullah. Decline in Godavari River prawn and L. fimbriatus.

One of the longest river in India Length 1280 km Catchment area 233,229 km Originates at Mahabaleswar hills in Western Ghats and covers Maharashtra, Karnataka, and AP Main tributaries of Krishna are Bhima and Tungabhadra (perrenial) rivers

2001-03 survey conducted by CIFRI .

Upper reaches Catla catla , Cyprinus carpio ,

Cirrhinus mrigala , Puntius sarana , Mastacemblus armaratus.

Lower reaches : Catla catla , Labeo rohita , Labeo gonius , Cirrhinus mrigala , Pangassius pangassius , Etroplus suratensis .

Longest perennial river south of River Krishna Total length 850 km Originates at Brahmagiri hills on the Western Ghats in Karnataka and flows to the Bay of Bengal through Thanjavur dst in TN Divides into a northern branch,river Coleroon and southern branch, cauvery proper Tributaries : Bhavani, Noyil and Amaravathi

1999-01
Cauvery carp ( Puntius carnaticus , Puntius

dubius ,Labeo carnaticus , L. ariza).

IMC , L. fimbriatus , Cirrhinus cirrhosa ,Tor khudri . Oreochromis mossambica throughout river.

Includes main rivers : Narmada and Tapti Total length : 3380 km Total catchment area 69.6 million ha Drains the west of Western Ghats

Originates from Maikala highlands near Amarkantak (MP) Total length 1312 km Covers MP, Maharashtra and Gujarat and joins the Gulf of Cambay (Arabian sea) 4 reservoirs : Tawa, Sukta, Barna, Bargi

1996-99.
Decline in carp fishery : being 58.4-65.5 % in 1989-90 , 43.7% in 1996-99.

Tor tor 15.9 % Labeo fimbriatus 10.2 %

Originates from Vindhya mountain of Satpura range Covers : MP, Maharashtra, and Gujarat and joins Arabian sea at Dumas near Surat Total length 720 km Total catchment area 48000 km Ukai dam is constructed in this river

1959-60 inbetween Burhanpur to kathor.

Tor tor , Labeo fimbriatus ,Labeo calbasu.

Lower reaches Hilsa sp.

 The

fishery of carps are declining and cat fishes were overtaking the pre existing fishery with in major systems. Average catch 1 ton / km (.64 1.64 t/km).

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Direct and indirect effects of human intervention in rivers

In natural processes, human intervention plays an

important role Many effects of mans activities within river catchments can be controlled The impacts caused by human can be divided into : 1. Indirect impacts 2. Direct impacts

Indirect impacts

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Water not used directly, but the accumulative nature of drainage basins will affect the water bodies and also fisheries Agricultural and forestry activities Civil construction works Extraction works Manufacturing industries Urbanization

Agricultural and forestry activities

Non point source pollution Includes the discharge of dissolved and suspended

materials in run off or seepage waters This is intermittent and depends upon rainfall pattern and seasonal cycle of agricultural inputs Effects may be reduced by efficient land management and conservation measures Discharge from agriculture, animal husbandry, deforestation, sillage liquor, vegetable washings etc

Major effects
NUTRIENTS : Fishery may benefit when nutrients increase But may lead to shift in species composition due to eutrophication When nutrient load is too high, excess primary production occurs, fish growth declines due to low DO

2. SUSPENDED SOLIDS : Turbidity blocks light entering in the water column Causes low productivity, Stress to fishes, Change the flow pattern of water, Bury feeding and spawning areas

TOXIC MATERIALS Pesticides leached from soils or washed off vegetation pass into drainage waters reduce or kills the plant and animal life Deforestation affects water, topsoil and nutrient conservation in channels, and rivers

Civil construction works

Construction of dams, bridges, roads and their

associated earthworks have devastating effects.

Primary problem is the disturbance due to movement

of large amounts of solid materials and exposure of solid to erosion and dispersal by wind, water and machinery .
This is important at times of intense rainfall and lead to

changes in water and soil condition

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Debris block waterways and drainage channels . No life exists near the construction site . Excavation and earth movements may uncover

areas of toxic materials (eg. Pb & Cu) which then flushes in water

Extraction industries
Mining of metal ores and coal

And the extraction of sands and gravel for the

construction industry, For cooling, Hydraulic jet extraction In the treatment of ores

Major effects
1.

ACID DISCHARGES : Lowers the water pH below 4 hence reduces productivity When water of high pH is mixed with these water naturally, then it produces hydroxide flocs and covers the substrate which affects the plant and animal life

TOXIC SALTS : These are salts of heavy metals prevalent in mine waste discharges When concentrations are high, they affect the fish and fish food organisms Toxicity is acute Heavy metals persist in environment and build up in high concentration in some animals and may be passed to the consumer who takes that fish

STREAM BED TOPOGRAPHY : Physical removal of substrate from water course create deposition of silt This creates conditions of low DO, temperature fluctuation which affects the biological productivity

Manufacturing industries
Industries considered that the water courses of the

drainage basins are the most convenient way to remove unwanted solids and liquor These discharges led to the obliteration of life in rivers Wastes of radioactive compounds is burried but has the risk of leakage into the underground water and may enter the main water flow

Major effects
TOXIC DISCHARGES : Low levels of toxic materials lowers the productivity in water These low concentration may build up in several organisms and cause damage to food web High concentration create environment devoid of life

ORGANIC MATERIALS : Brewing industry, food processing and paper industry produce large quantities of liquid waste Has high organic content, particularly hydrocarbon products This causes anoxic condition in water with H2S and methane production

WASTE HEAT : Disposal of hot effluent waters from industries may increase the production to some extent But as temperature increases above optimum, it decreases DO content Create lethal stress condition for the fish

Urbanization
Includes domestic waste water discharges

including water from washing and cooking activities Run off from roads and paved surfaces may contain chemicals, especially heavy metals and organic micropollutants, in suspension or solution form

Major effects
SEWAGE : Discharge of human wastes has immediate effect of raising the concentration of organic material in water Too high concentration create lack of DO, especially in hot weather conditions, where life cannot sustain Immediate effect is the blooms of algae or plants, followed by increase in production of animals and change in the species make up

RUN OFF : It may not carry large amounts of unwanted dissolved materials, but carries a heavy load of suspended solids, especially during the first flush

Direct effects
1. 2. 3. 4.

Those resulting from interventions in the rivers channel or on its floodplain Dams and barrages Land recovery, drainage, flood protection Industrial and urban use Recreational use and transport

Dams and barrages

1. 2.

Dams and man made lakes, generate a complex web of impacts which affects the humans, biological and physical components of the environment Greatest source of hydrological interference by man 2 types of effects Structural effects Physico chemical effects

Structural effects Construction of dam

Physico chemical effects Discharge, sediment load, water quality, channel, vegetation 1. Changes in discharge and water quality

1. Affects upstream migration

2.Fry loss during passage over through dams 3. Gas supersaturation

2.Unnatural short term flow fluctuation 3. Unnatural toxic pulses of poor water quality

Creation of lake

1. Flooding of spawning grounds 2. Delays to migration of spawners through reservoirs

4. Suitability of substrate for spawning 5. Survaival of eggs in gravel 6. Amount of food and spacial arrangements

 River continuum is interrupted and longitudinal

connectivity is lost Barrier across water course affects the migration of fishes Change of ecosystem from river to lake will create change in species dominance (rheophilic species disappear) changes in flow regimes inhibit bed material movement, induce deposition of finer sediments and alters breeding and feeding grounds

 Thermal regulation by reservoirs dampen natural

variation in streams and river temperature which alters the biological cycle in that ecosystem Water transfer from rivers for cooling purposes and discharge of water from industries, introduces the possibility of disease organisms

Land recovery, drainage and flood protection

Leeve (bank) construction and drainage of floodplain

wetlands impacts severely on habitat diversity, with loss of water meadows and grazing marshes Channelization - associated with the downgrading of riparian vegetation and nutrient dynamics, allochthonous inputs and refuges for feeding and breeding are affected

Bank revetment is often associated with dredging and gravel extraction and wood / metal piling or concrete / brick / stone linings. Results in blocking of nutrient and water exchanges INDUSTRIAL AND URBAN USE : Has 2 main impacts : 1. Water is physically extracted from a water body which can reduce the flow in some rivers 2. And quality of abstracted water is lowered when discharged back

 Untreated sewage discharge can have catastrophic

effect due to the heavy load of organic materials which leads to over productivity and death of animals RECREAIONAL USE AND TRANSPORT : Recreational use range picnicking , angling, swimming, sailing, water skiing and power boating Impacts are removal of plants, increased erosion and silt load, change in flow pattern, physical disturbance by boats and noise to feeding and breeding behaviour

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Habitat modification and remedial measures

1.
2.

The aim of rehabilitation is to re-create functional areas and connectivity in these habitats . Any rehabilitation action must start from identification of the habitat characteristics which have to be improved . Careful selection from variety of technique . Rehabilitation process includes : Floodplain-river interaction along the lower and middle reaches Rehabilitation of functional characteristic by artificial means

 Improvement of current speed diversity through the

Rehabilitation of channels

installation of rapids, by the construction of different types of low weirs (low profile dams) Improvement in current direction diversity by using current deflectors Instream and stream side cover (shelter) boulders for protecting the bottom areas Re establishment of pools create microhabitats for fish Construction of Shallow bays Substrate replacement gravel and cobbles

Improvement of current speed diversity through the installation of rapids, by the construction of different types of low weirs (low profile dams
)

Can be built from a variety of materials , easy

construction (stone, gravel, wood, block stone , concret Different angles , straight ,V-shaped , irregular . Completely or partially submerged. Deepening ,Ponded area above new pool below . Collection and holding spawning gravel ,gravel bar formation , raising water level , improving flow pattern aerating the water , slowing current .

Improvement in current direction diversity

Current deflectors (rock boulder , gabion,

underpass ,log ) Modify the current direction , increases the diversity of current velocity pattern ,scour pools and create silt bars . 45 degree angle Stream narrowing deflector . Submerged deflectors promote bed scouring by secondary circulation flow single or double deflector . Triangular island vane . Boulder placement ,wire mesh screen .

In stream and streamside cover (shelter)

Resting areas and protection from predators ,

can be constructed artificially . Boulder placement . Placement of stumps roots or debris jams . Artificial undercut banks formed by overhanging cover structures . Tree planting in banks . Planting or not removing overhanging vegetation

Pool-riffle and/or silt bar restoration

Current deflectors .

Stream narrowing deflectors .

Installation of low dams with plunge pool . Alternating left and right weed cutting . Mechanical construction of pools and riffles and

silt bars .

Construction of shallow bays

Bays from livestock watering points (simple ,

effective) . Bays excavated in bank . Bays can be created between two current deflectors . Bays created as zones of nutrient retention of agriculture drainage .

Substrate replacement
To mitigate adverse effect of channelization .

Siltation is the main problem.

Sand traps placed immediately above the gravel

bed . Using channel narrowing deflectors . Mechanical gravel cleaning by high velocity water jet .

Large scale action

Doing nothing if left alone , rivers affected by

river engineering works all show evidences of recovery. Remeandering best option to restore the morphometric and hydrological diversity of channel . Multistage channels-excavating flood berms . Construction of island .

Rehabilitation of flood plains

River exist in 2 states : low water state when flow is

confined to channels and high water state when water occupies wider bed consisting of channels and flood plains combined Setting back of levees from their original position along the banks of the main channel for restoration of meanders

 Reconnection of existing channels by simple removal

of weirs or levees separating the channel from the main channel Construct flood containment structure . Reconnection of existing flood plain water bodies by simple removal of weirs or levees separating the floodplain from the main channel Creation of new floodplains as gravel pits Submersible dams (weirs) to raise the level of river where its bottom has been excavated Making artificial flood to the flood plain water bodies

THANK U