TYPHOID FEVER

GROUP 8 PABOMA
 OBJECTIVES
Definition
Aetiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prevention
Assessment
Management
DEFINITION
Is a life threatening infection caused by bacterium salmonella typhi (WHO)
Also called salmonella enterica
 Aetiology
Caused by ingesting contaminated food and water
Migration
Poor preparation of food
Typhoid carrier
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The ingested contaminated food or water containing salmonella typhi that invade small
intestines and enters the blood stream where it is carried by white blood cells in the liver, spleen
and bone marrow leading to its multiplication and it reenter the blood stream. The bacteria
invade the gall bladder, biliary system and the lymphatic tissue of the bowel and multiply in high
numbers, then pass into the intestinal tracts where symptoms occurs.
It has the incubation period of 10 to 14 days
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Diarrhoea
Fever
Muscle weakness
Dehydration
Chest congestion
Weight loss
Skin rash
Stomach ache
 COMPLICATIONS
GI bleeding
Peritonitis
Anaemia
Septic shock
Spleen failure
Lobar pneumonia
Renal failure
Liver failure
 DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Blood culture
Stool exams
Widal test
Bone marrow culture and aspiration
Complete blood count
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
 PREVENTIONS
Drinking safe water
Hygiene practices
Food safety
Environmental sanitation
Education
Vaccination
 ASSESSMENT
SUBJECTIVE DATA
◦ General body weakness and pain
◦ Travelling history
◦ Immunization history
◦ Mental state
◦ History of cell status
◦ GIT issues
◦ Report of appetite loss
 ASSESSMENT CONT’D
OBJECTIVE DATA
◦ Signs of dehydrations
◦ Jaundice
◦ Splenomegaly on palpation
◦ Colour of urine and stool maybe dark and pale respectively
◦ Signs of distress and paleness
◦ Monitor of vital signs especially heart rate
 MANAGEMENT
PHARMACOLOGICAL
Analgesics
◦ Paracetamol 1g TDS PO 3days

IV fluids
◦ Normal saline 20-30ml/kg over the first hour
◦ Ringers lactate same as normal saline
◦ ORS 3-4 litres over the first 24 hours

Antibiotics therapy
◦ Ciprofloxacin 500mg PO BD or 400 mg IV for 14 days
◦ Ceftriaxone 2g IV OD for 14 days
◦ Azithromycin 500mg PO OD for 7 days
 MANAGEMENT CONT’D
NON PHARMACOLOGICAL
Drinking more fluids
Position in a comfortable position
patients should to eat citrus fruits
Maintain good hand hygiene and proper stool disposer
Surgical referral if bowel perforation is suspected or GIT bleeding
NURSING CONSIDERATION
Strict to fluid inputs and output
Visitor restriction
Visitor should wash their hands with soap and alcohol
Visitors should wear protective cloths
Immunocompromised visitors should avoid visiting the patients
HANDLING DEAD BODIES OF
INDIVIDUAL
Ensure that all people involved in handling the body wear PPE
Press the body in a body bag and seal it to prevent leakage of fluids
Decontaminate the body and surrounding area with a disinfectant approved for use against
salmonella typhi
 REFERENCES
Malawi Standard Treatment Guideline . (2023).
Nurseslabs - For All Your Nursing Needs
 Group 8 members
DEAR GLIVINI 202320180008 JAMILA AIBU 202320170021

CASTALEE NKHATA 202320170007

SUSAN MULLI 202320180032

BLESSINGS PHIRI 202320170003

MARVELOUS KALUMBU 202320180022

CHARLES JOVAT 202320190005

ELIZABETH MALINGA 202320160019

ENERT LEMUSI 202320160021

DAMMO SIKWEYA 202320170010

LINDA SONYO 202320170024

SPEAK BANDA 20232016 0016

JUSTINA PHIRI 202320180018