ELECTROMAGNETISM

Magnetic Field

• Magnetic field exists around a magnet.

• If an isolated magnetic pole is brought near a magnet. It experiences a force according Coulomb’s laws.

• The region near the magnet where forces act on magnetic poles is called a magnetic field.

• The magnetic field is strongest near the pole and goes on decreasing in strength as we move away from the
magnet.

• The magnetic field around a magnet is represented by imaginary lines called magnetic lines of force.

• magnetic lines of force would emerge from N –pole of the magnet, pass through the surrounding medium
and re-enter the S-pole.
 Magnetic Effect of Electric current

• When an electric current flows through a conductor, magnetic field is set up all along the
length of the conductor
• The magnetic lines of force are in the form of concentric circles around the conductor.
• The direction of lines of force depends upon the direction of current
 Magnetic flux

*The magnetic field cannot be detected by any of our personal senses but its
effects can be observed in mainly ways.
*To identify the magnetic field quantitatively (ie with numbers), we generally
use the term magnetic flux.
*The amount of magnetic field produced by a magnetic source is called
magnetic flux is denoted φ.
*If 10 magnetic lines come out of the north pole or enter the south pole of a
magnet, then magnetic flux φ=10 lines or maxwells.

 The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber

1 Wb = 10 8 lines or maxwells
 Magnetic flux density

• The magnetic flux density is the flux per unit area at right angles to the flux

Flux density, B= φ/A Wb/m 2

• Φ= flux in Wb
• A= area in m 2 normal to flux
• The SI unit of magnetic flux density is Wb/m 2 or Tesla.
• Flux density is a measure of field concentration ie, amount of flux in each
• square metre of the field.
• In practice, it is much more important than the total amount of flux.
 Magneto motive force

• In an electric circuit, an electro motive force (e.m.f.) is required to produce

current flow.
• The magnetic counter part of electromotive force is called magneto motive
force (m.m.f.).
• The product of number of turns in the winding and thec urrent flowing in it
is a measure of how much “excitation” is applied.
• This product is called magneto motive force (m.m.f.)
M.M.F= NI ampere-turns
• The greater the m.m.f in the magnetic circuit, the greater is the magnetic
flux in the magnetic circuit and vice-versa.
• Magneto motive force is like electromotive force in an electric circuit and
flux is like electric current.
 Magnetic field Intensity (H)

• Magnetic field intensity is magneto motive force (m.m.f) per unit length.
• It is denoted by H and has the units of ampere-turns per metre.

• Magnetic field Intensity is also called magnetising force.

• This name is derived from the fact that H represents magneto motive force
per unit length.
 Absolute and Relative Permeability
• Permeability of a material means its conductivity for magnetic flux.
• The greater the permeability of a material, the greater is its conductivity for magnetic flux
and vice-versa.
• Air or vacuum is the poorest conductor of magnetic flux.
• Absolute (or actual) permeability μ0 (Greek letter “mu”) of air or vacuum is 4π x 10 -7 H/m.
• The absolute (or actual) permeability μ of magnetic materials is much greater than μ0 .
• The ratio μ/ μ 0 is called the relative permeability of the material and is denoted by μr ie,

• Where μ = absolute (or actual) Permeability of the material

 Relation between B and H

• 

• The flux density B produced in a material is directly proportional

to the applied magnetising force H.
• the greater the magnetising force, the greater is the flux density
and vice-versa i.e,
BαH
Or B/H = Constant = μ
• The ratio B/H in a material is always constant and is equal to the
absolute
permeability μ of the material.
• Suppose a magnetising force H produces a flux density B 0 in air.
Clearly,
• B0 = μ0 H.
Electromagnetic induction
 Induced E.M.F
When the magnetic flux linking a conductor (or coil) changes, an e.m.f is
induced in it.

• This change in flux linkages can be brought about in the following two ways:
(i)The conductor is moved in a stationary magnetic field in such a way that the
flux linking it changes in magnitude.
• The e.m.f induced in this way is called dynamically induced e.m.f (as in a d.cgenerator). It is
so called because e.m.f is induced in the conductor which is in motion.
(ii)The conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is moving or changing.
• The e.m.f induced in this way is called statically induced e.m.f (as in a transformer).
• It is so called because the e.m.f is induced in a conductor which is
stationary.
• It may be noted that in either case, the magnitude of induced e.m.f is given
by Ndφ/dt .
Dynamically Induced E.M.F
 Statically Induced E.M.F

• When the conductor is stationary and the field is moving or changing, the e.m.f induced
in the conductor is called statically induced e.m.f.
• A statically induced e.m.f. can be further subdivided into:
• Self-induced e.m.f
• Mutually induced e.m.f
Self –induced e.m.f:
Where L is a constant of proportionality and is called coefficient of self-induction or
self-inductance. Its unit is henry (H).
 Self –inductance (L)
• The property of a coil (or a circuit) by virtue of which it opposes any change
in the amount of current flowing through it is called its self-inductance or
inductance (L).
• This opposition occurs because a changing current produces self-induced
e.m.f which opposes the change in current.
• Consider a coil of N turns carrying a current I. Suppose the magnetic flux
linked with each turn of the coil due to this current is φ
Mutual Inductance (M)