EXPANSION

OF THE
MUSLIM
WORLD
 SUB-TOPICS
1 2 3

THE OTTOMANS CULTURAL THE MUGHAL

BUILD A VAST BLENDING IN THE EMPIRE IN INDIA
EMPIRE OTTOMAN
THE MUSLIM WORLD
EXPANDS, 1300-1700
Three great Muslim powers—the Ottoman,
Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge
between 1300 and 1600. By 1700 all three were
in decline.
(`1) THE OTTOMANS
BUILD A VAST
EMPIRE
The Ottomans establish a
Muslim empire that combine
many cultures and lasted for
more than 600 years.
TURKS MOVE INTO
Turkish Warriors
BYZANTIUM
• Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire
• Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who fight for Islam

Osman Establishes a State

• From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia
• Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans
• Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons
• Successors expand state through alliances and land buying
Osman Establishes a State
• Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan— overlord
• In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople
• Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples continued Turks Move into
Byzantium

Timur the Lame Halts Expansion

• Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in Central Asia
• Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad
POWERFUL SULTANS SPUR DRAMATIC
Murad II
EXPANSION
• Murad II begins expansion

Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople

• Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453
• Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds

Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities

• In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power
• He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into North Africa
• Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important Muslim cities.
 SULEYMAN THE
A Great Ruler
LAWGIVER
• Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to 1566

The Empire Reaches Its Limits

• Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522) • Ottomans
control eastern Mediterranean
• Turks take North African coastline, control inland trade routes
• Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna
• By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world
 Highly Structured Social Organization
• Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation
• Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from conquered lands
• Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal only to the sultan
• Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion

Cultural Flowering
• Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning
• Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman
 THE EMPIRE DECLINES
SLOWLY
Gradual Fall
• Suleyman kills one son and exiles another
• Third son inherits throne but rules weakl
y • Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their sons
uneducated
• Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s eventual fall
(2) CULTURAL
BLENDING
THE SAFAVID EMPIRE

The Safavid Empire produce a rich

and complex blended culture in
Persia.
 PATTERNS OF CULTURAL
Cultural Blending in Persia
BLENDING
• Between16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia
• Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries

Causes of Cultural Blending

• Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or religion

Results of Cultural Blending

• Changes in language, religion, government, use of technology
• Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage
• Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture
 THE SAFAVIDS BUILD AN
EMPIRE
Safavid Origins
• Begins as religious order named for founder
• Safavids concentrate on building powerful military

Isma’il Conquers Persia

• Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451
• Takes title of shah—king
• Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis
• Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire
 A SAFAVID GOLDEN AGE
Abbas the Great
• Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in 1587

Reforms
• Helps create a thriving Safavid culture
• Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade

A New Capital
• Esfahan—new capital—is one of world’s most beautiful cities

Art Works
• Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles Carpets
• Carpet weaving becomes national industry
 THE DYNASTY DECLINES
QUICKLY
The Safavid Empire Weakens
• Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons
• Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline
• By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans
• Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747
(3) THE
MUGHAL
EMPIRE IN
The Mughal Empire brings
INDIA
Turks, Persians, and Indians
together in a vast empire
 EARLY HISTOTY OF THE
Mongol Invaders
MUGHALS
• Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India

Conflict
• Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years • In 1000,
loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi Sultanate—forms

Delhi Sultanate
• Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th centuries
• Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398
Babur Founds an Empire
• Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at age 11
• Is dethroned and driven south into India
• Army conquers much of northern India, forming Mughal
Empire
• Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered •
Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan
 AKBAR’S GOLDEN
Babur’s Grandson

AGE
• Akbar—“Greatest One”— rules India from 1556 to 1605

A Military Conqueror
• Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers

A Liberal Ruler
• Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims
• Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office
• Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows
• Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die
 A Flowering of Culture
• Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language
• New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge

The Arts and Literature

• Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish
• Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule

Architecture
• New architectural style named for Akbar develops
 AKBAR’S
SUCCESSORS
Jahangir and Nur Jahan
• Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to control
government
• Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister
• Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other sons
• Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent religious group
• Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred
Shah Jahan
• Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor, marries Persian
princess
• Assassinates all competitors for throne
• His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in 1631
• Taj Mahal—huge marble tomb Shah Jahan builds for his wife
• Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world
The People Suffer
• People suffer paying for wars and monuments
• Shah Jahan’s third son—Aurangzeb—imprisons father and takes
overs

Aurangzeb’s Reign
• Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to its largest
• Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of Hindus
• Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant
• Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion
THE EMPIRE’S DECLINE
The Mughal Empire Crumbles
AND DECAY
• Over 2 million people die of famine while
Aurangzeb wages war
• Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into
separate states
• Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland,
France, Portugal
• European traders gain key ports
T HAN K
YOU