References

• 3GPP TS23401

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3GPP System Evolution
GSM/ UMTS: LTE/SAE:
3GPP GPRS R99/R4/R5/R6/R7 R8

1.PS core network only support non-
real time services.
2. Voice services are carried in the CS
domain.
3. Low efficiency of routes in forwarding
data due to the over-layered networks.
4. Incapability of supporting multiple
radio access systems
1. The all-IP network contains the
PS. Voice services are jointly
provided by the PS and the IP
Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).
2. Flattened network architecture.
3. Support of the multiple access
technologies.
4. High data transmission rate:
downlink 100 Mbit/s and uplink
traffic 50 Mbit/s.

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The Evolution of PS Network
R6 and its earlier
versions
NodeB RNC SGSN GGSN
R7 non-direct tunnel

SGSN

R7 Direct
Tunnel NodeB RNC GGSN
Solution

MME

Serving PDN
R8 SAE eNodeB
GateWay GateWay

Control plane
User plane

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EPS Network Structure
HSS PCRF Control plane
eNodeB User plane
MME
S1-MME
S6a

Rx
LTE Gxc
X2 S1-U Gx
-Uu S11

S1-MME S5 SGi Operator's

IP Service
eNodeB S1-U S-GW P-GW

UE LTE SAE

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Identity of SAE Network
MME MMEI= MME Group ID+MME Code

TAI=MCC+MNC+TAC

TA List TA List
TA 1 TA 2 TA 1 TA 2
CELL1 CELL2 CELL3 CELL4 CELL1 CELL2 CELL3 CELL4

IMSI
MSISDN
GUTI=GUMMEI+M-TMSI
=MCC+MNC+MMEI+M-TMSI

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Subscriber State Management
• Subscriber state
• EMM: EPS Mobility Management
• EMM-DEREGISTERED
• EMM-REGISTERED
• ECM: EPS Connection Management
• ECM-IDLE
• ECM-CONNECTED

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EMM State
Detach,
Attach Reject,
TAU reject,
E-UTRAN interface switched off due to Non-3GPP handover,
All bearers deactivated

EMM-DEREGISTERED EMM-REGISTERED EMM state in UE

Attach accept

Detach,
Attach Reject,
TAU reject,
All bearers deactivated

EMM-DEREGISTERED EMM-REGISTERED EMM state in MME

Attach accept
TAU accept for a UE selecting
E-UTRAN from GERAN/UTRAN

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ECM State
RRC connection
released

ECM-IDLE ECM-CONNECTED ECM state in UE

RRC connection
established

S1 connection
released
ECM-IDLE ECM-CONNECTED ECM state in MME
S1 connection
established

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EPS Bearer
• One PDN connection include one default EPS bearer, and zero or
several dedicated EPS bearer.
PDN connection 1
Default EPS bearer
Dedicated EPS bearer 1
Dedicated EPS bearer 2

S-GW P-GW

EPS bearer

eNodeB S-GW S5/S8 bearer P-GW

Radio bearer S1 bearer

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EPS Bearers
• Two types of bearers:
• Default bearer
• Created during the attach procedure
• Remains active until user detaches
• Dedicated bearer
• Created on demand

Default EPS bearer

Dedicated EPS bearer 1
Dedicated EPS bearer 2
Serving GW PDN GW

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EPS Bearer
• One PDN connection include one default EPS bearer, and zero or
several dedicated EPS bearer.
PDN connection 1
Default EPS bearer
Dedicated EPS bearer 1
Dedicated EPS bearer 2

S-GW P-GW

EPS bearer

eNodeB S-GW S5/S8 bearer P-GW

Radio bearer S1 bearer

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PDN Connections/Bearers Relationship
Simplified QoS parameters of Bearer
4 TC+13 QoS Parameter QCI + ARP
Traffic class
Maximum bit rate
Delivery order
Maximum SDU size QCI ARP GBR MBR For GBR Bearer
SDU format information
SDU error ratio APN‑AMBR
Residual bit error ratio UE‑AMBR
Delivery of erroneous SDUs For Non-GBR bearer
Transfer delay
Guaranteed bit rate
Traffic handling priority
Allocation/Retention
priority (ARP)
Source statistics descriptor
Signaling indication

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Subscribed QoS
• GPRS/UMTS
• QoS is subscribed in HLR
• EPS
• QoS is subscribed in HSS and PCRF
 HSS for default bearers
 PCRF for dedicated bearers

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Standardized QCI Packet Packet
Resource
QCI Priority Delay Error Loss Example Services
Type
Budget Rate
1 2 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice

2 4 150 ms 10-3 Conversational Video (Live Streaming)

GBR
3 3 50 ms 10-3 Real Time Gaming
Non-Conversational Video (Buffered
4 5 300 ms 10-6
Streaming)
5 1 100 ms 10-6 IMS Signalling
Video (Buffered Streaming)
6 6 TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp,
300 ms 10-6
p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)
Non-GBR Voice,
7 7 Video (Live Streaming)
100 ms 10-3
Interactive Gaming
8 8 Video (Buffered Streaming)
300 ms 10 -6
TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp,
9 9 p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)

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QoS Parameters – QCI
• QoS Class Identifier (QCI)
• Value range 1~9
• Each EPS bearer is assigned with a QCI
• QCI determines what user plane treatment the IP packets transported on a
given bearer should receive

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QoS Parameters – ARP
• Allocation/Retention Priority (ARP)
• The ARP should be understood as "Priority of Allocation and Retention"; not
as "Allocation, Retention, and Priority".
• The ARP specifies the control plane treatment a bearer should receive
• priority level (scalar)
• pre-emption capability (flag)
• pre-emption vulnerability (flag)

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 QoS Parameters – GBR & Non-GBR

• GBR and non-GBR bearers

• GBR bearers
• A bearer with an associated GBR means that a certain amount of bandwidth is reserved
for this bearer, independently of whether it is utilized or not.
• QCI, ARP, GBR (Guaranteed bit rate), MBR (Maximum bit rate)
• Non-GBR bearers
• A non-GBR bearer does not have a fixed bandwidth allocated and there is thus no
guarantee for how much traffic it can carry
• QCI, ARP, AMBR (Aggregated maximum bit rate)

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QoS Parameters – AMBR
• AMBR – aggregated maximum bit rate, only used for non-GBR bearers
• APN-AMBR (uplink & downlink)
• defines the total bit rate that is allowed to be used for all non-GBR bearers associated
with a specific APN.
• UE-AMBR (uplink & downlink)
• per subscriber and defines the total bit rate allowed to be consumed for all non-GBR
bearers of a UE.

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MM and EPS Bearer Context
Subscription
MM context
MME HSS information
EPS bearer EPS bearer
context Subscription
context

ICP/ISP
internet
MM context S-GW P-GW

EPS bearer EPS bearer Signaling

EPS bearer
context context context Data

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