CHAPTER 5

X MIA
 Let’s Explore!
a) Are There Particles Smaller Than An
Atom?
b) What Is The Difference Between
Carbon-12 And Carbon-14
c) Why Is The Electronic Structur An
Atom Important?
 5.1 Inside Atoms
Learning Outcomes_
 State the relative charges and relative masses of a proton, a neutron and an electron;
 Describe the structure of an atoms.

All matter is made up of atoms. Atoms are tiny that they need to be magnified millions of times in order to be seen.
However, atoms are themselves made up of smaller particles.

What Are Atoms Made Up Of? A proton

• Has relative charge of +1
 A helium atom is made up • Has relative mass of 1;
of subatom particles • Is represented by the symbol ‘p’

A Nautron
• Has relative charge of = 0 ;
• Has relative mass of 1;
• Is represented by the symbol ‘n’

A electron
 Figure 5.1 structure of an atom (The relatieve sizes • Has relative charge of = -1 ;
of the particls are not drawn to scale) • Has relative mass of 1/1840;
• Is represented by the symbol ‘e’
 Subatomic particles have different relative charges and masses
Subatomic particle Symbol Relative Relative
Charge mass
Inside the Proton p +1 1
nucleus
Neutron n 0 1
Outside the Electron e -1 1/ 1840
nucleus

5.2 The Proton Number and Nucleon Number

Learning Outcomes-
• Define proton (atomic) number and nucleon (mass) number;
• Deduce the numbers of protons, nautron and electrons in an atom
• Interpret and use symbols that represent an elements nucleon and proton
number (
Figure. 5.2 Shows the atomic structure of hidrogen, helium, lithium and berylium.

proton
neutron

The number of electrons in an atom is the same as the number of proton.

Therefore
• The negative charges cancel out the positive charges ;
• An atom is electrically neutral.
 Do atoms of a different element
have the same proton number? PROTON Number
Nomor Proton atom mengacu pada jumlah proton dalam atom

Setiap elemen memiliki keunikan. Artinya tidak ada unsur lain yang
memiliki atom dengan nomor proton ini, misalnya karbon dan oksigen
memiliki nomor proton yang berbeda.

Carbon (C) Oxygen (O)

 Diamonds
and graphite nucleus
in pencils
nucleus
appear very
different, but neutron proton
they are both
made up of proton
neutron
carbon
atoms with
the proton
number 6 • Carbon has a proton number of 6 • Oxygen has a proton number of 8
• All atoms with six protons are • All atoms with eight protons are
therefore carbon atoms therefore oxygen atoms
 NUCLEON Number
The nucleon number of an atom is the total number of proton
and neutrons in the atom

Nomor nukleon diwakili oleh simbol A. Nomor nukleon juga disebut nomor massa. Ini
karena massa massa atom bergantung pada jumlah proton dan nautron dalam inti
atom. Massa elektron dalam atom dikatakan dapat diabaikan.

Nulceon number (A) = numbers of protons + number

of neutrons

𝐴
Nucleon number (mass

𝑋
number) in superscript,
left of symbol
Chemical symbol of
element

Proton Number (atomic

number) in subscript, left
of symbol 𝑍
 Test Yourself
• Deduce the number of
proton and electrons in
an atom of uranium-235
235
92 𝑈
1. Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons it contains
b. c. 2-
2. Potassium has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. Determine the number
of electrons in the Potassium ion.
3. If the mass number of element A is 30 and A has 12 electrons then determine the number
of neutrons for element A.
4. Find the atomic notation that has:
a. Atomic number 12 and mass number 24
b. The number of protos 19 and the number of neutrons 20
c. The number of electrons is 37 and the mass number is 85
5. Ion X3+ has 10 electrons and 14 neutrons. What is the mass number of element X
6. The ion X3+ has 10 electrons, what is the atomic number of element X
7. The B+ ion has 1 proton, which is the atomic number of Element B
5.3 Isotopes Learning Outcome
• Define isotopes.
Neutron
What are isotopes? Proton

Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-3

 1 proton > 1 proton > 1 proton

 1 electron > 1 elektron > 1 elektron
> 0 neutron > 1 neutron > 2 neutron

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons
and electrons,but different number of neutrons
1. Isotop
Helium-3 dengan helium, -4 memiliki nomor atom yang sama, yaitu 2.
Carbon-12 dengan carbon-14 memiliki nomor atom yang sama, yaitu 6.
Hidrogen-2 dengan hidrogen-3 memiliki nomor atom yang sama, yaitu 1.
Uranium-235 dengan uranium-230 memiliki nomor atom yang sama, yaitu 92.
2. Isobar
Kalium-40 dengan kalsium-40 memiliki nomor massa yang sama, yaitu 40.
Natrium-24 dengan magnesium-24 memiliki nomor massa yang sama, yakni
24.
Karbon-14 dengan nitrogen-14 memiliki nomor massa yang sama, yakni 14.
Germanium-76 dengan selenium-76 memiliki massa yang sama, yakni 76.
Argon-49 dengan kalsium-40 memiliki massa yang sama, yakni 40.
3. Isoton
Silikon-30 dengan phospor-31 memiliki neutron yang sama, yakni 16.
Argon-38 dengan kalsium-40 memiliki neutron yang sama, yakni 20.
Sulfur-36 dengan klor-37 memiliki neutron yang sama, yakni 20.
Karbon-14 dengan oksigen-16 memiliki neutron yang sama, yakni 8.
Oksigen-16 dengan nitrogen-15 memiliki neutron yang sama, yakni 8.
 ISOTOPES

The same number of protons and

Different numbers of neutrons
electrons

• Physical properties are affected by

• Chemical reaction involve only the
mass
electrons and not the neutrons
• Isotopes have different masses
• Therefore, isotopes have similar
and therefore, different physical
chemical properties.
properties.

Example Example
• Both chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 • Hydrogen-2 has a slightly higher
react with sodium to produce boiling point and density than
sodium chloride hydrogen-1
What are the uses of isotopes?
Isotop yang memancarkan energi tinggi disebut radioisotop. Radiasi yang dipancarkan
berbahaya karena dapat merusak sel hidup dan menyebabkan kanker. Namun, radioisotop
dapat memiliki aplikasi penting dan dapat digunakan dengan aman jika ditangani dengan
benar.
Field of application Isotope Uses radioisotopes
Detektor asap
Medical Technetium-99 Detection of mengandung americium-
tumours 241, yang memancarkan
Iodine-131 Treatment of radiasi. Asap yang masuk
thyroid disorder ke detektor asap menyerap
radiasi ini. Ini
Safety and Security Californium-252 Detection of membunyikan alarm di
explosive detektor asap
Americium-241 Used in smoke
detectore
Archaeology Carbon-14 Estimating the age
of things that
contain carbon
Geology Uranium-238 Estimating the age
rocks
 5.4 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms
Learning Outcome
• Use diagrams to describs atoms as containing
- Protos and neutrons in the nucleus;
- Electrons arranged in the electron shells (energy levels)

The way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus of an atom is very importan
because the electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of the atom.

How are electrons arranged in an atom?

The electrons in an atom

move around the nucleus in
regions known as electron
shells

Each Electron shell

• Sesuai dengan tingkat energi tertentu
• Hanya dapat menampung elektron dalam jumlah tertentu
 First Shell
• Is closest to the nucleus;
• Corresponds to the lowes energy level;
• Can hold a maximum of two electrons;
• Is always filled first

Second and third Shells

The arragement of electrons in an atom can be
represented using electronic structure or electronic
configuration. The electronic structure of a
magnesium atom is shown in figure 5.9
• Have increasing energy levels (e.g The
third shell has higher energy than the
second shell)
• Usually hold up to eigh electrons each;
• Are filled in order before the third shell.

electrons
a magnesium atom (proton number 12)
nucleus has
• Two electrons is the firs shell
• Eight electrons in the firs shell;
• Two electrons in the third shell
Thus, its electrons configuration can be
Magnesium atom written as 2,8,2
2, 8, 2
What are valence electrons?
The valence shell or outer shell of an atom refers to the shell that is furthest away from
the nucleus of the atom. The electrons in the outer shell of an atom are know as valence
elecrons or aouter electrons. Kulit valensi atau kulit terluar atom mengacu pada kulit yang terjauh
dari inti atom. Elektron di kulit terluar sebuah atom dikenal sebagai elektron valensi atau elektron di
luar.

The outer electronic structure of an atom shows only the electrons in the outer shell. An
example is shown for electron for magnesium (Figure 5.10)

The electronic structures of the first 20 elements in

the periodic table are shown in figure 5.11. in the
periodic table, elements are arranges in order of
Mg increasing proton number, there are seven
(horizontal) rows of elements called periods and eight
(Vertical) columns of elements called groups.

Figure 5.10 Outer electronic

structure of a magnesium atom
 Test yourselft
Workes Example
Bromine has two types of atoms : , .
a) What is the difference between the two atoms
b) , . Are the in the same group of the particles tamble.using figure 5.11 on page 83,
deduce the number of valence electrons an atom of bromine has.

Answer
a) They have different numbers of neutons. atoms have 44 neutrons in the nucleus, and
atoms have 46 nautrons. , Are two isotopes of bromine
b) saven

Question
1. An atom has an electronic conguguration of 2, 8, 4 and a nucleon number of 28. how
many protons, nautrons, and electrons are there in the atom?
2. The symbol for aluminium is Al. Draw the electronic structure of the aluminium
atom.then, write down its electronic configurations.
3. Draw the electronic structure of sodium (proton number 11) and lithium (proton
number 3). Compare the structure and state one similariy and one difference between
them