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Kenningar í klínískri

sálfræði
Þórhildur Halldórsdóttir, PhD
Krossapróf 2 – Gangi ykkur vel!
Niðurstöður úr krossaprófi
Kenningar
Líffræðilega módelið
Dýnamíska módelið
Hugræn atferlismeðferð
Húmaníska nálgunin
Líffræðilega módelið
Öll hegðun á rætur sínar að rekja í líffræðilegar orsakir.
Módelið hefur aukist í vinsældum
• Thomas Insel, yfir National Insitute of Mental Health
í USA, skilgreindi geðraskanir sem röskun í
heilastarfsemi
• Krafa gerð um líffræðilegan vinkill til að fá
rannsóknarstyrki

Mental Disorders as Brain Disorders:


Thomas Insel at TEDxCalTech
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4m65sbqbhY&ab_channel=TEDxTalks
Erfðir Umhverfi

Einhverfa Geðklofi Þunglyndi

Erfðir
Umhverfi
Rice et al., 2002
Sullivan et al., 2000
Klínísk tilfelli
um ECT –
Kim í VTCC

Enneking et al., Psych Med 2019


Dýnamísk nálgun
(Psychodynamic Model)
Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)
"I'm going to show you ten cards, each containing a picture of an inkblot. I'll give them to
you one at a time. I'll ask you to look at each card and tell me what it looks like. Spend as
much time as you like on each card but be sure to tell me everything that occurs to you."
Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)

Klínískt tilfelli
Dýnamískt mat
Hverjir eru kostirnir við þessa tegund á mati?

Hverjir eru ókostirnir?


Þroskastig Freuds
Stage Ages Pleasure Source Major Development Fixation Presentation

Oral passive: trusting, dependency


Smoking, overeating, nail
Oral 0 to 1 years Mouth Coming off breast feeding
biting Oral aggressive: aggressive,
dominating
Anal retentive: tidiness, obsessiveness,
mean, stubborn
Anal 1 to 3 years Anus Toilet training Orderliness, messiness
Anal expulsive: untidiness, generosity

Vanity, self-obsession, sexual anxiety,


Phallic 3 to 6 years Genitals Oedipus / Electra complex Sexual dysfunction
inadequacy, inferiority, envy

Developing defence
Latency 6 to 12 years None None
mechanisms

Well adjusted, mature, able to love and


Genital 12 Genitals Full sexual maturity Mentally healthy be loved. Sexual instinct is directed to
heterosexual pleasure.
Dýnamísk meðferð
Markmið – uppgötva fyrri áföll og hvaða togstreita myndaðist af þeirra völdum
• Mótþrói (Resistance)

• Yfirfærsla (transference)

Meðferð mjög háð túlkun therapista.


• Draumar Hvaða áhrif gæti það haft?
• Manifest content
• Latent content
Geðhreinsun (Catharsis)
Geðrænn vandi af völdum bældrar tilfinningar eftir e-ð áfall
Endurupplifa fyrri bældar tilfinningar til að losa um innri deilu

https://www.fmsfonline.org/index.php?news2018update=Roseanne%20
Barr%20No%20Longer%20Alleging%20Sexual%20Abuse
Catharsis

"When someone asks you, ‘Were you sexually abused as a


child?’ there are only two answers: One of them is ‘Yes’
and one of them is ‘I don’t know.’ You can’t say ‘No.’"
Áhugavert efni
Elizabeth Loftus: How reliable is your memory?

https://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_loftus_how_reliable_is_your_memory?language=en
Hugræn atferlismeðferð
(Cognitive-Behavioral Model)
Húmanísk nálgun
(Humanistic-Existential Model)
Nemendamiðað nám Respectful parenting
(RIE; Resources for Infant Educarers)
Client-centered therapy
Geðrænn vandi stuðlar af Therapisti þarf að sýna:
sjálfsblekkingu þegar fólk er ekki
• Skilyrðislaust jákvætt viðhorf
samkvæmt sjálfu sér (authentic) og
(unconditional positive regard)
uppfyllir ekki eigin getu (self-
actualization) • Samúð (accurate empathy)
• Grunnurinn lagður af foreldrum • Einlægni (genuineness)

Markmiðið er skilyrðislaus jákvæð ást á


sjálfum sér
Húmanísk nálgun
(Humanistic-Existential Model)
Kostir Gallar
Sveigjanlegri en atferlisstefnan Takmarkaðar rannsóknir

Eflir sjálfstæði Skortur á færni/reynslu/þroska til að taka


bestu ákvarðanir
Meðferð leidd af skjólstæðing
Getur hamlað öflun á nýrri þekkingu og
færni

Rannsóknir benda til þess að börn þrífast


best með skýran ramma og væntingar
The Sociocultural Model: Family-Social and
Multicultural Perspectives (part 12)
Biological Psychodynamic Cognitive- Humanistic Existential Family-Social Multicultural
Behavioral

Cause of Biological Underlying conflicts Maladaptive Self-deceit Avoidance of Family or social External pressures
dysfunction malfunction thinking and responsibility stress or cultural conflicts
learning

Research Strong Modest Strong Weak Weak Moderate Moderate


support

Consumer Patient Patient Client Patient or client Patient or client Client Client
designation

Therapist role Doctor Interpreter Collaborator/ Observer Collaborator Family/social Cultural advocate/
teacher facilitator teacher

Key therapy Biological Free association and Reasoning and Reflection Varied Family/social Culture-sensitive
technique intervention interpretation conditioning intervention intervention

Therapy goal Biological Broad psychological Functional Self-actualization Authentic life Effective family or Cultural awareness
repair change thoughts and social system and comfort
behaviors
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Comer&Comer bókinni.

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