GOVERRNMENT

POLYTECHNICMIRZAPUR

Structural Mechanics(SOM)

CHAPTER – 1
PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL
BASIC CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING MATERIAL

•Engineering materials can be broadly classified into several categories based on their
properties, composition, and applications. Here's a basic classification:

Metals:
Ferrous Metals: These include iron and its alloys, such as steel and cast iron.
Non-ferrous Metals: Examples include aluminum, copper, brass, bronze, titanium,
and nickel alloys.
Polymers:
Thermoplastics: These can be melted and reformed multiple times, such as
polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, and polystyrene.
Thermosetting Plastics: These undergo irreversible chemical changes during curing,
such as epoxy resins, phenolic resins, and polyurethanes.
Elastomers: Rubber-like materials including natural rubber and synthetic rubbers like
neoprene, silicone, and butyl rubber.

Ceramics:
Traditional Ceramics: Materials like clay products, porcelain, and glass.
Advanced Ceramics: These have superior mechanical, electrical, and thermal
properties, including alumina, silicon carbide, and zirconia.
Composites:
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Such as fiberglass (glass fibers in a polymer matrix) or
carbon fiber composites.
Particle-Reinforced Composites: Such as concrete (aggregate particles in a cement
matrix) or polymer composites with fillers like talc or calcium carbonate.
 BRITTLE MATERIAL

•Brittle materials are those that exhibit little or no plastic deformation prior to fracture.
When subjected to stress, they tend to break without significant deformation. Here are
some common examples of brittle materials:
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ENGIEERING MATEERIAL

•Mechanical properties are essential characteristics of engineering materials that

determine their behavior under applied forces or loads. These properties are crucial for
designing and selecting materials for various applications. Some key mechanical
properties include:

Strength: Strength refers to the ability of a material to withstand an applied load

without failure. It is typically characterized by several parameters:
Tensile Strength: The maximum stress a material can withstand before fracturing
under tension.
Compressive Strength: The maximum stress a material can withstand before
fracturing under compression.
Shear Strength: The maximum stress a material can withstand before fracturing
under shear loading.
Stiffness: Stiffness, also known as modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus,
quantifies a material's resistance to deformation when subjected to an applied force.
Higher stiffness indicates less deformation under load.

Ductility: Ductility is the ability of a material to undergo plastic deformation before

fracture. Ductile materials can stretch or deform significantly before failure,
exhibiting necking in tensile tests.

Brittleness: Brittleness is the opposite of ductility and refers to the tendency of a

material to fracture without significant plastic deformation. Brittle materials fail
suddenly and catastrophically when subjected to stress.

Hardness: Hardness measures a material's resistance to indentation, scratching, or

wear. Various hardness tests, such as Rockwell, Brinell, and Vickers tests, provide
quantitative measures of a material's hardness.

Toughness: Toughness combines strength and ductility and represents a material's

ability to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. Tough materials can
withstand impact loading and are less prone to sudden failure.
Fatigue Resistance: Fatigue resistance is the ability of a material to resist failure
under cyclic loading. Fatigue properties are crucial for materials subjected to repeated
or fluctuating stresses, such as those in machinery or structural components.

Creep Resistance: Creep resistance is the ability of a material to withstand

prolonged exposure to high temperatures and constant loads without excessive
deformation. Creep is particularly important in high-temperature applications such as
aerospace and power generation

Fracture Toughness: Fracture toughness measures a material's resistance to crack

propagation and is crucial for assessing its ability to resist brittle fracture. Materials
with high fracture toughness can withstand the propagation of cracks without
catastrophic failure.

•These mechanical properties are determined through standardized testing methods,

such as tensile tests, compression tests, hardness tests, impact tests, and fatigue tests.
Engineers use these properties to evaluate materials for specific applications and to
ensure the reliability and performance of engineered systems.
TENSILE TEST

•A tensile test, also known as tension test, is a fundamental mechanical test used to
determine various properties of materials under tensile loading. It involves subjecting
a standardized specimen of the material to an increasing tensile force until it fractures.
The test provides valuable data for understanding the material's behavior under tensile
stress, including its strength, ductility, and elasticity. Here's an overview of the tensile
test procedure:
 IZOD IMPACT TEST

•The Izod impact test is a standardized mechanical test used to determine the impact
resistance or toughness of a material, particularly polymers and metals. It measures
the energy required to fracture a standardized specimen under a swinging pendulum
impactor. The test provides valuable data for assessing a material's ability to withstand
sudden shock or impact loading. Here's an overview of the Izod impact test procedure:
FATIGUE TEST

•Fatigue testing is a mechanical test conducted to evaluate the durability and endurance
of materials under cyclic loading conditions. It simulates the repetitive loading that
materials experience during their service life, such as in rotating machinery, structural
components subjected to wind or seismic loads, and automotive parts. The test helps
determine a material's resistance to fatigue failure, which occurs due to the
accumulation of microcracks and eventual fracture under cyclic loading. Here's an
overview of the fatigue testing procedure:
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