SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY

Muscles in Exercise
• Skeletal Muscle
• Smooth Muscle
• Cardiac Muscle
Response of Muscular system to exercise
• Increase in metabolic rate
• Increase blood supply
• Increase muscle temperature
• Enhance muscle pliability(Flexible injury decreases)
Adaptations
• Hypertrophy (increase size and strength)
• Enhanced tendon strength
• Increase number and size of mitochondria
• Increase myoglobin stores
• Increase in storage of glycogen
• Increase in storage of Fat
• Increase tolerance to lactate
Effect of athlete training on muscles and
muscle performance
• Endurance exercise
• Slow fibres are involved
• Increased mitochondria and ATP production
• Increase in myoglobin
• Increase angiogenesis
• Low level of muscle contractions for increased period without fatique
• Resistance exercise
• Increase amount of fast fibres are involved
• Increased ATP hydrolysis
• Muscular hypertropy
Respiration in exercise
• Gas exchange need of lungs increased
• Increase in oxygen consumption
• Increase in Co2 production
• Respiratory rate and tidal volume increases
• Pulmonary ventilation increases
• Oxygen uptake increases
• Lung diffusion capacity increases
• Lung volume expands
• Efficiency of lungs increases
CVS in exercise
• Heart size increases walls of LV enlarges
• Plasma volume increases due to improved circulation and oxygen supply during
exercise
• Cardiac output increases
• Heart rate increases
• Stroke volume increases
• Oxygen extraction increases(diff in oxygen content of arterial and venous blood)
• Increase in blood flow
• In trained muscles capillarization increases
• During exercise systolic blood pressure increases
Body heat in exercise
• Thermogenic: active muscles generate large amount of heat
• Body temperature regulation is taking place by conduction,
convection and radiation
• Excess use in hot and humid environment can lead to poor
performance
Effect of exercise on body fluids
• Exercise increase loss of water
• Respiratory rate increases
• Body heat increases
• Depletion of water occurs through sweating
• Water loss impairs cardiovascular system
• Fluid loss depends on intensity of exercise and duration
• Urine colour will be dark yellow sign of dehydration
DRUGS USED BY ATHLETS
• Anabolic steroids
• Mimic testosterone
• Rebuild muscle faster
• Have SE ; Kidney problem, mood swings,anxiety , increases,facial hair
and irregular mensuration in women
• Peptides
• Copy of natural hormones
• HGH ,erythropoietin,
• Oxygen flow increases
• Work performance increases
• Diuretics
• Increase water loss
• Decrease fluid retention,rapid weight loss
• Masking agent
• SE includes dehydration,muscle cramps,headache,fatique
• Beta blockers
• Relaxant
• Decrease heart rate
• Decrease BP(Calming effect)
• THANK YOU