A PRESENTATION ON SIGNALS AND

THEIR CLASSIFICATIONS

SUBMITTED TO :
Mr. Yuvraj Singh Ranawat Sir
Department of Electrical Engineering
MEWAR University,
Gangrar, Chhittorgarh
SUBMITTED BY :
Nabin Chandra Deo
Course : B. Tech. (EE)
Year/Semester : II/IV
Enrollment No. : MUR2002753
Exam : Presentation
Subject : Signal and System
Definition: A signal is defined as a physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other independent
variable(s).

Examples: Some examples of signals are mentioned hereunder :

 Motion: The motion of a particle through some space is a signal. The domain of a motion signal is one dimensional
while its range is three dimensional.
 Picture: A picture assigns to a colour value to each set of points. Since the points lie on a plane, the domain is two
dimensional. If the picture is a physical object like painting it is a continuous signal while if the picture is a digital
image it is a discrete signal.
 Sound: The sound is a vibration of medium (air). This associates a pressure value to every value of time and three
space coordinates.
 Compact Disc (CDs.): A CD contains discrete signals representing sound, recorded at 44100 samples per second.
As each sample contains data for a left and right channel, it may be considered as two-vector.
Importance of Signals:

 Medical

 Defence

 Tele-communication

 Audio / Visual Signal

 Space Study

 Computing

 Internet
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS:
Signals can be broadly classified on the basis of their nature and characteristics as
following:
i) Continuous Signal
ii) Discrete Signal

iii) Continuous Signal: These signals, also referred as analog signals are defined for
every value of time. These are denoted by x(t)
X(t) = sinω/T
ii) Discrete Signals: These signals are defined for discrete instant of time. Such
signals are denoted by x[n]

n
2; if n>or=0
X[n] ={
0; otherwise

Both Continuous and Discrete Time Signals can be further classified on the following basis:

i) On the Basis of Certainity: On this basis signals can be classified as

a) Deterministic Signals
b) Non-Deterministic Signals
ii) On the Basis of Repetitive Nature: On this basis signals can be classified as:
a) Periodic Signals
b) Aperiodic Signals

iii) On the Basis of Reflection: On this basis signals can be classified as:
a) Even Signals
b) Odd Signals

iv) On the Basis of Content: On this basis signals can be classified as:
c) Energy Signals
b) Power Signals

v) On the Basis of Number of Independent Variables: On this basis signals can be classified as:
c) One-Dimensional Signals
b) Multi-Dimensional Signals

 Deterministic Signals :- These are the signals those can be uniquely determined by a well defined process
such as mathematical expression or rule. All past, present and future values of the signals are known
without any uncertainity.
 Non-Deterministic Signals: These are also known as random signals as it occurs randomly in
nature with an irregular pattern. The values can’t be predicted ahead of time. e.g. speech
signals, noise in a system etc.

 Periodic Signals: These may be defined as the signals repeating themselves after every finite
interval of time.
x(t) = x(t+T)
x(n) = x(n+N)

 Aperiodic Signals: These may be difined as the signals those are non-repeatitive in nature.
x(t) ‡ x(t+T)

 Even Signals: Signals those are symmetrical on y-axis are known as even signals. Where
x(t) = x(-t), for all t
x[n] = x[-n], for all n Example: Cosθ = Cos(- θ)

 Odd Signals: The signals those are asymmetrical on the Y-axis are known as odd signals, i.e.
x(t) = -x(-t)
x[n] = -x[-n]
 Energy Signals: Those signals whose energy is finite (non-zero) and power is
zero. e. g. Rectangular pulses
lim T 2
E = T - ∞∫ [x(t)] dt joules
-T

lim N 2
E = N - ∞ ∑ [x(n)] joules
n=-N

 Power Signals: Those signals whose energy is infinite and power is finite(non-
zero) are known as power signals. e.g. sinusoidal waves.

lim T 2
P = T - ∞ 1/2T∫ [x(t)] dt watt
-T

lim N 2
P = N - ∞ 1/(2N+1) ∑ [x(n)] watt
n=-N
 One-Dimensional Signals: The signals dependent on single variable are called as one-
dimensional signals. e.g. speech signal, x(t) =sint

 Multi-Dimensional Signals: The signals those are dependent on two or more than two
variables. e.g. colour TV picture signals
(0.4U+0.72V)t
x(u,v,t) = e
Thank You