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ONLINE DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL) – Slide 3

CHAPTER 1 : Introduction to Signals & Systems

Sub topic
Representation of signal
-Properties of Signal/ Signal manipulation
Learning Outcomes

The students should be able to:

• Sketch the signal properties.

Representation of signals - syllabus NEW

Signal Manipulation
Addition
Addition of two signals is nothing but addition of their corresponding
amplitudes. This can be best explained by using the following example:

Amplitude Amplitude Amplitude

x1(t) x2(t) z(t)

-10 10
As seen from the diagram ,
-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2
-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 1 + 2 = 3
3 < t < 10 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2
Representation of signals - syllabus NEW

Signal Manipulation
Subtraction
subtraction of two signals is nothing but subtraction of their corresponding amplitudes. This can be best
explained by the following example:

Amplitude Amplitude Amplitude

x1(t) x2(t) z(t)

As seen from the diagram,

-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 0 - 2 = -2
-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 1 - 2 = -1
3 < t < 10 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 0 - 2 = -2
Representation of signals - syllabus NEW

Signal Manipulation
Multiplication
Multiplication of two signals is nothing but multiplication of their corresponding amplitudes. This can be best
explained by the following example:

Amplitude Amplitude Amplitude

x1(t) x2(t) z(t)

As seen from the diagram,

-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) x2(t) = 0 × 2 = 0
-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) x2(t) = 1 × 2 = 2
3 < t < 10 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) x2(t) = 0 × 2 = 0
Representation of signals - syllabus NEW

Signal Manipulation
Exercise :
x1(t) x2(t)

1 1
t t
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Solve for :
a. x1(t) + x2(t)
b. x1(t) - x2(t)
c. x1(t) . x2(t)
Representation of signals - syllabus
Properties of Signals
a) reflection
b)
c) shifting

d)

e)

f)
Representation of signals
Properties of Signals
 Representation of signals - syllabus
Properties of Signals

b) c) shifting
u(t) u(t)

1 1

1 1 t
t
2u(t) u(t) + 1
2
2
1

1 1 t
t
Representation of signals
Properties of Signals
Representation of signals
Properties of Signals
 Representation of signals
Properties of Signals

x(t)
u(t)

2
1

1 t 2 t
x(2t) x(0.5t)
u(-t+1) 2t = 2 0.5t = 2
t=1 t=4
2 2
1

-1 1 4 t
t t
Representation of signals
Properties of Signals
Representation of signals
Properties of Signals

This equation don’t give

an actual value. Its manipulated!
How to find them?
1. Rearrange the equation
y(t) = 3 x(-0.5t +1)

2. Identify the actual values

y(t) = 3x(-(0.5(t-2))

MSc TSc
TR Tsh
(x 0.5) ( +2 )
Solution
y(t) = 3x(-(0.5(t-2))
Representation of signals
Properties of Signals
Representation of signals
Properties of Signals
 Representation of signals
Exercise : Extra
Sum of Singularity Functions & Signal Manipulation

1. Sum of Singularity Functions 2. Signal manipulation

y(t) y(t)

2 2

1 1
-2 -1 4

1 2 3 t -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 t
-1 -1

-2 -2

Express the signal above in terms Sketch y(t) = -2x(-2t + 4)

of sum of singularity functions
- End -