Analog

Digital

Communication
Syllabus

ISE Syllabus
Block Diagram of Communication System
 Basic Communication

Noise: White noise has zero mean, constant variance, and is uncorrelated in time. As its name suggests, white noise has a
power spectrum which is uniformly spread across all allowable frequenciesGaussian white noise (GWN) is a stationary and
ergodic random process with zero mean.

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Need of Modulation

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Modulation

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Need of Modulation

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Need of Modulation

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Need of Modulation

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Need of Modulation

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Type of Modulation

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Type of Modulation

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 AM Modulation/Demodulation
Source Sink

Channel

Modulator Demodulator

Baseband Signal Bandpass Signal Original Signal

with frequency with frequency with frequency

fm fc fm

(Modulating Signal) (Modulated Signal)

fc >> fm

Voice: 300-3400Hz GSM Cell phone: 900/1800MHz

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Example Amplitude modulation
 Time Domain Representation of AM

m(t)=Am cos(2πfmt)

c(t)=Ac cos(2πfct)

Am & Ac are the amplitude of the modulating signal and the

carrier signal respectively.

fm and fc are the frequency of the modulating signal and the

carrier signal respectively.

Then, the equation of Amplitude Modulated wave will be

s(t)=[Ac+Amcos(2πfmt)]cos(2πfct)

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 Amplitude Modulation
• The AM signal is generated using a multiplier.
• All info is carried in the amplitude of the
carrier, AM carrier signal has time-varying
envelope.
• In frequency domain the AM waveform are
the lower-side frequency/band (fc - fm), the
carrier frequency fc, the upper-side
frequency/band (fc + fm).

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 AM Modulation – Example
• The information signal is usually not a single frequency but a
range of frequencies (band). For example, frequencies from
20Hz to 15KHz. If we use a carrier of 1.4MHz, what will be the
AM spectrum?
• In frequency domain the AM waveform are the lower-side
frequency/band (fc - fm), the carrier frequency fc, the upper-side
frequency/band (fc + fm). Bandwidth: 2x(25K-20)Hz.

1.4 MHz

frequency

1,385,000Hz to 1,399,980Hz fc 1,400,020Hz to 1,415,000Hz

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 Modulation Index of AM Signal
For a sinusoidal message signal m(t )  Am cos( 2f mt )
Carrier Signal: cos(2 f c t ) DC: AC

Modulated Signal: S AM (t )  [ Ac  Am cos(2 f mt )]cos(2 f ct )

 Ac [1  k cos(2 f mt )]cos(2 f ct )
Am
k
Modulation Index is defined as:
Ac
Modulation index k is a measure of the extent to which a carrier voltage is varied by the

modulating signal. When k=0 no modulation, when k=1 100% modulation, when k>1

over modulation.

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Modulation Index of AM Signal

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Modulation Index of AM Signal

CSULB May 22, 2006 22

Modulation Index of AM Signal

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Modulation Index Derivation

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AM wave Derivation

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Power Relation in AM wave

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Q. A (400-W) carrier, is modulated to a , depth of
75 percent. Calculate the total power in the
modulated wave·.

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Q. A broadcast radio transmitter radiates 10KW
when the modulation index is 60%. How much
of this is carrier wave?

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Power Relation in AM wave (current Calculations)

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Q. The antenna current of AM transmitter is only 8A, when only carrier
signal is sent. It increases to 8.93A when modulated by a single sine wave.
Find % modulation. Determine the antenna current when the modulation index
is 0.8.

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Modulation by several sine waves

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Q.A carrier transmitter radiates 9KW, with carrier unmodulated, and 10.25
KW when the carrier is sinusoidally modulated. Calculate the % modulation
index of modulation. If another sinusoidal wave with 40% modulation is
transmitted simultaneously, determine the total radiated power.

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Q. The antenna current on an AM broadcast transmitter, modulated to a
depth of 40 % by an audio sine wave signal is 11A. It increases to 12 A due to
simultaneous modulation by another audio sine wave. What is the
modulation index due to the second sine wave?

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https://slideplayer.com/slide/12185195/
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Concept of flywheel effect in Tank circuit

https://slideplayer.com/slide/12185195/
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Class C Power Amplifier

https://slideplayer.com/slide/12185195/
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Class B Power Amplifier

https://slideplayer.com/slide/12185195/
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AM generation block diagram (HLM)

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AM generation block diagram (LLM)

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 Comparison of HLM and LLM
High Level Modulation Low Level Modulation
Modulation takes place at high Modulation takes place at low
power level power level

High efficiency Low efficiency

Signal generated can be Signal generated can not be
directly transferred after directly transferred after
modulation modulation

Modulation is applied at Modulation is applied at

Collector Emitter

No amplifiers are required Amplifiers are required after

after modulation modulation

Application: High Power Application: TV transmitter

Broadcast transmitter stations, short-range walkie-
talkies,

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AM Generation

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AM Generation

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AM Envelop Detector

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Practical AM Demodulation

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Distortion in Practical diode detector

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Negative peak clipping

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Diagonal Clipping

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Diagonal Clipping

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