THE CELL CYCLE

PRESENTED BY:
MS. NEHA PUROHIT
 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY

• Within the body are

different levels of
structural
organisation and
complexity. The
most fundamental
level is chemical.
• Atoms combine to
form molecules.
 CONT..
• Cells are the smallest independent units of living matter
and there are trillions of them within the body.
• Each cell type has become specialised, and carries out a
particular function that contributes to body needs.
• cells with similar structures and functions are found
together, forming tissues.
• Organs are made up of a number of different types of
tissue and have evolved to carry out a specific function.
• Systems consist of a number of organs and tissues that
together contribute to one or more survival needs of the
body.
 THE CELL CYCLE

• Many damaged, dead, and worn out cells can be

replaced by growth and division of other similar cells.
• Most body cells have 46 chromosomes and divide by
mitosis.
• Mitosis is a process that results in two new
genetically identical daughter cells.
• The period between two cell divisions is known as
the cell cycle.
 CONT..

• Cell cycle has

two phases.
1. Mitosis (M
phase)
2. Interphase
 INTERPHASE

• This is the longer phase and three separate stages are

recognised:
• first gap phase (G1) – the cell grows in size and
volume. This is usually the longest phase and most
variable in length.
• G1 phase is the phase of the cell between mitosis and
initiation of replication of the genetic material of the
cell.
• During this phase, the cell is metabolically active and
continues to grow without replicating its DNA.
 CONT..
• Synthesis of DNA (S phase) – the chromosomes
replicate forming two identical copies of DNA
• Therefore, following the S phase, the cell now has 92
chromosomes, i.e. enough DNA for two cells and is
nearly ready to divide by mitosis.
• Second gap phase – (G2) there is further growth and
preparation for cell division. During this phase, the
RNA, proteins, other macromolecules required for
multiplication of cell organelles, spindle formation, and
cell growth are produced as the cell prepares to go into
the mitotic phase.
 M PHASE

• Mitosis is the phase of the cell cycle where the

nucleus of a cell is divided into two nuclei
with an equal amount of genetic material in
both the daughter nuclei.
 PROPHASE
• Prophase is the first phase
of mitosis, the process that
separates the duplicated
genetic material carried in
the nucleus of a parent cell
into two identical daughter
cells. During prophase, the
complex of DNA and
proteins contained in the
nucleus.
 METAPHASE

• The chromatids align on

the centre of the spindle,
attached by their
centromeres.
 ANAPHASE

• The centromeres
separate, and one of
each pair of sister
chromatids (now called
chromosomes again)
migrates to each end of
the spindle
 TELOPHASE

• The mitotic spindle

disappears, the
chromosomes uncoil
and the nuclear
envelope reforms.
 CYTOKINESIS

• Following telophase,
cytokinesis occurs: the
cytoplasm,
intracellular organelles
and plasma membrane
split forming two
identical daughter
cells.