Chapter 2

Basic Structures
Sets, Functions
Sequences,and Sums
 2.1- Sets
1. List the members of these sets.
a) {x | x is a real number such that x  1 }
2

b) {x | x is a positive integer less than 12}

c) {x | x is the square of an integer and x < 100}
d) {x | x is an integer such that x  2 }
2
 2.1- Sets
2. Suppose that A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {2, 6}, C = {4, 6}, and
D = {4, 6, 8}. Determine which of these sets are subsets
of which other of these sets.
 2.1- Sets
3. For each of the following sets, determine whether 2 is
an element of that set.
a) {x ∈ R | x is an integer greater than 1}
b) {x ∈ R | x is the square of an integer}
c) {2,{2}}
d) {{2},{{2}}}
e) {{2},{2,{2}}}
f) {{{2}}}
 2.1- Sets
4. Determine whether each of these statements is true or
false.
 2.1- Sets
5. What is the cardinality of each of these sets?
a) {a} e) ∅
b) {{a}} f) {∅}
c) {a, {a}} g) {∅, {∅}}
d) {a, {a}, {a, {a}}} h) {∅, {∅}, {∅,
{∅}}}
 2.1- Sets
6. Find the power set of each of these sets, where a and b
are distinct elements.
 2.1- Sets
7. How many elements does each of these sets have
where a and b are distinct elements?
 2.1- Sets
8. Determine whether each of these sets is the power set
of a set, where a and b are distinct elements.
 2.1- Sets
9.
a) Find A if: A  0,1,3
2

b) Find A if: A  0, a

3
 2.1- Sets
10. a) How many different elements does A × B have if
A has m elements and B has n elements?
b) How many different elements does A × B × C have if
A has m elements, B has n elements, and C has p
elements?
n
c) How many different elements does A have when A
has m elements and n is a positive integer?
d) How many different elements does P(A × B) have if A
has m elements and B has n elements?
 2.2- Set Operations
1. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {0, 3, 6}. Find
 2.2- Set Operations
2. Let A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},
and C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. Find
 2.2- Set Operations
3. Find the sets A and B if A − B = {1, 5, 7, 8},
B − A = {2, 10}, and A ∩ B = {3, 6, 9}.
 2.2- Set Operations
4. Suppose that the universal set is U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10}. Express each of these sets with bit strings where
th
the i bit in the string is 1 if i is in the set and 0 otherwise.
a) {3, 4, 5}
b) {1, 3, 6, 10}
c) {2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9}
 2.2- Set Operations
5. Using the same universal set as in the last problem,
find the set specified by each of these bit strings.
a) 11 1100 1111
b) 01 0111 1000
c) 10 0000 0001
 2.3. Functions
1.
 2.3. Functions
2.
 2.3. Functions
3. Find these values.
a ) 1.1 b)  0.1

3 d)  1
c)  
2

 1  1   1  5 
e)      f )  . 
 2  2   2  2 
 2.3. Functions
4. Determine whether each of these functions from {a, b, c, d} to
itself is one-to-one (onto).
a) f (a) = b, f (b) = a, f (c) = c, f (d) = d
b) f (a) = b, f (b) = b, f (c) = d, f (d) = c
c) f (a) = d, f (b) = b, f (c) = c, f (d) = d
 2.3. Functions
5. Determine whether each of these functions from Z to Z
is one-to-one (onto).
a) f  n   n  1 b) f  n   n 2  1
c) f  n   n n
d ) f n    
3

2
 2.3. Functions
6
2.3. Functions
 2.3. Functions
11.
8. Find f  g and g  f, where f  x   x 2  1 and
g  x   x  2 , are functions from R to R.
 2.3. Functions

9.
 2.3. Functions
12. Find the inverse function of f  x   x  1.
3
10
 2.3. Functions
11.
 2.4 Sequences
th
1. List the first 5 terms of each of the sequence whose n
term is 2  3  5
n
for n  0,1,2,
n
2.4 Sequences
 2.4 Sequences
3. Find the sums 32  33  34    128.
 2.4 Sequences
15
4. Find 
i 1
 i  3
 2.4 Sequences
5. Compute each of these double sums.