Audio System Engineering

Dr. S. K. Das Mandal

Centre for Educational Technology
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
sdasmandal@cet.iitkgp.ernet.in
 Course Contents
 Fundamentals of Vibration and equivalent
electrical circuits for mechanical oscillation
 The linear acoustic wave equation and
simple solutions
 Sound Reflection and Transmission
 Sound Absorption and Attenuation
 Large room and Small room acoustics
 Architectural acoustics
Loudspeaker and Microphone design
Audio system
 Course outcome
 Given the specification of an acoustic room (large room
or small room acoustic) determine the reverberation time,
mean free path, number of reflection per second, room
modes and minimum volume for large room acoustic .

 Given the specification for a auditorium or studio

requirement list the acoustical requirements and design
the acoustic part of the auditorium or studio.

 Given the necessary specification design the

microphone and loudspeaker

 Determine the sound reflection, transmission,

absorption, coefficients for a given acoustic source and
condition.
 Lecture-1

Fundamentals of Linear Vibrations

 The Simple Oscillator
f
s
m f   sx
x Hooke’s law

d 2x
f  m
dt 2
d 2x
m 2
 sx  0
dt
s
0 
2

m
d 2x
2
  2
x  0
dt 0

Completed general solution x  A1 cos(0t )  A2 sin(0t )

Initial Condition of trigonometric method of solution
x  A1 cos(0 t )  A2 sin(0 t )
u0
at t  0; A1  x0 and A2 
0
u0
x  x0 cos(0 t )  sin(0 t )    (1)
0
A1  A cos  and A2   A sin 
x  A cos(0 t   )
1
  u0  
2 2

at t  0; A   x 0  
2
   

  0   
 u0 
and   tan 1

  x 

 0 0 
u  U sin(0 t   ) where U  0 A

U   Speed Amplitude
a  0U cos(0 t   )
 Complex Exponential method of solution
x  A1e j0t  A2 e  j0t
u0
at t  0; A1  A2  x0 and A1  A2   j
0

1 u0 1 u0
A1  ( x0   j ) and A2  ( x0  j )
2 0 2 0
The real part of the complex solution is by itself a complete general
solution of the original real differential equation.

x  A1e j0t  A2 e  j0t

A1  a1  jb1 Re{x}  (a1  a2 ) cos(0t )  (b1  b2 ) sin(0t )
A2  a2  jb2
Apply initial condition
u0
x  x0 cos(0t )  sin(0t )
0
Similarly a complete solution is obtained if the x is
written in form of
x  Ae j0t whereA  a  ib
u  j 0 x
a   02 x Ae j (0t  )

Ae j
jb

a
 Energy of Vibration
x
1 2 1
E p   sxdx  sx  sA2 cos 2 (0t   )
0
2 2

1 1
Ek  mu  mU 2 sin 2 (0t   )
2

2 2
1 2 1
E  E p  Ek  sA cos (0t   )  mU 2 sin 2 (0t   )
2

2 2
1
 m 02 A2 s
2  
2
U  0 A
0
m
 Damped Oscillation

s
m

(dashpot )
Rm
u
d 2x dx
m 2
 Rm  sx  0
dt dt
d 2 x Rm dx s
2
  x0
dt m dt m
d 2x dx
2
 2  0   2
0 x  0
dt dt
Use a trial solution x = A et
 [ 2  ( Rm / m)  02 ]( Aet )  0
 2  ( Rm / m)  02  0
 2  2   02  0
Two possible  ' s are :   (    2  02 )

If Rm is very small    j 0

  (    j d )
d  ( 2   2 )
0

Natural angular frequency of the

damped oscillator
x  e  t ( A1e jd t  A2 e  jd t )
Relaxation time
x  Ae  t cos(d t   ) 1


 Forced Oscillation
d 2x dx
2
 Rm   2
0 x  f (t )
dt dt

f (t )  F cos t

f (t )  Fe jt

d 2x dx j t x  Ae jt
 Rm   0
2
x  Fe
dt 2 dt

( A 2 m  jARm  As )e jt  Fe jt

Fe jt
1 Fe jt u
x Rm  j (m  s /  )
j Rm  j (m  s /  )
f
Zm 
u
 Forced Oscillation
d 2x dx
2
 Rm   2
0 x  f (t )
dt dt

f (t )  F cos t

f (t )  Fe jt

d 2x dx j t x  Ae jt
 Rm   0
2
x  Fe
dt 2 dt

( A 2 m  jARm  As )e jt  Fe jt

Fe jt
1 Fe jt u
x Rm  j (m  s /  )
j Rm  j (m  s /  )
f
Zm 
u
 s
Z m  Rm  jX m X m  m 


Z m  Z m e j f
u u  j x
Zm
f 1 Fe jt 1 Fe j (t  )
x  
j Z m j Z m e j
j Zm
1 F (cos(t   )  j sin(t   )

j Zm

F
Re{ x}  sin(t   )
 Zm
F
Re{u}  cos(t   )
Zm
Instantaneous Power i
 i  fource.speed
F
 F cos t cos(t   )
Zm
Average Power 
T
1 F2

T 
0
Zm
cos t cos(t   )dt
Rm
T
cos  
F 2 Zm
 
Zm T 0
cos t cos(t   )dt

2 F 2 Rm
F 
 cos  2 Zm
2

2 Zm