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The Hydrologic Cycle

Trends in Electricity Generation
1985-2018

https://www.renewable-ei.org/en/statistics/international/
Electricity Generation Mix 2018
Electricity Generation Mix 2019
Electricity Production in Pakistan
Electricity sector in Pakistan
 Electricity in Pakistan is generated,
transmitted, distributed, and retail supplied
by two vertically integrated public sector
utilities: Water and Power Development
Authority (WAPDA) for all of Pakistan (except
Karachi), and the Karachi Electric (K-Electric)
for the city of Karachi and its surrounding
areas.
 There are around 42 independent power

producers (IPPs) that contribute significantly

in electricity generation in Pakistan.
 Four major power producers in the country

◦ WAPDA (Water & Power Development Authority)

◦ KESC (Karachi Electric Supply Company)
◦ IPPs (Independent Power Producers)
◦ PAEC (Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission).
Electricity Installed Capacity
 Pakistan's installed capacity to generate
electricity has surged up to 37,402 MW by
2020 which stood at 23,337 MW in 2014,
showing the growth of 45 percent in five
years.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan
World trend in Hydropower
 Hydropower, along with biomass, is an
important renewable energy source.

 The current mix of world energy supply is

mainly based on oil, coal, natural gas, and -
to a lesser extent - on hydropower and
nuclear energy.

 Until 2020 natural gas will even grow in

importance
 Beyond 2020, however, due to depletion of
cheap and near-demand gas reserves, due to
political reasons and due to environmental
reasons new technologies and increased use
of renewable energy must be put in place.

 Massive investment in energy infrastructure

will be needed (Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development-OECD 2002)
The power mix is being reshaped by the rise of renewables and natural
gas. In 2040, renewables account for nearly half of total electricity
generation. Courtesy: IEA

https://www.powermag.com/iea-world-energy-outlook-solar-capacity-sur
ges-past-coal-and-gas-by-2040/
http://geothermalresourcescouncil.blogspot.com/2019/06/climate-ch
ange-geothermal.html
Why Hydropower
 In developing countries hydropower is expected to be the
fastest-growing renewable energy source (OECD, 2002).

 Hydropower is based on the kinetic energy of rivers using

turbines.

 Hydroelectric projects can include dams, reservoirs,

stream diversion structures, powerhouses containing
turbines, and transmission lines.

 Reservoirs behind dams often provide other benefits, e.g.

recreation, flood control and navigation, irrigation, and
municipal water supply
 According to the World Commission on Dams
(WCD) the world’s more than 45,000 large dams
have played an important role in harnessing water
resources for food production (irrigation), power
generation, flood control and domestic water use.

 On a global scale hydropower has a share of 17% in

electricity generation.

 Also, 30-40% of irrigated land relies on dams, and

800 million people benefit from food produced by
dam related irrigation
Hydropower to Electric Power

Electrical
Potential Energy
Energy
Electricity

Kinetic
Energy

Mechanical
Energy

21
 Abundant and reliable source
of clean and renewable
energy.

 Comparatively inexpensive
renewable energy source with
low levels of greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions
 Although there are hydroelectric projects
under construction in about 80 countries,
most of the remaining hydropower potential in
the world may be found in developing
countries, particularly in South and Central
Asia, Latin America, Turkey, Africa, and Russia

 Also there is a large potential in operational

improvement and rehabilitation of hydropower
plants
Type of hydropower
developments
 Hydropower development has a significant
role to play in the future energy production of
most countries of the world, because rising
costs of alternative energy sources are
making small-scale hydropower
developments economically competitive and
because hydropower plants are well suited to
provide making power.
Hydroelectricity in Pakistan
 Pakistan produced 8250 MW of hydropower
in 2018 and by 2040, when under
construction hydropower projects are
completed, this will increase to 29000 MW.
Assignment
 Future Hydropower projects in
Pakistan
 Identify potential hydropower
development in your area. Present
its physical characteristics in
order to determine its type.

 Develop a list of sources for

finding information on
◦ hydropower production,
◦ its relative importance in energy
production and
◦ projections for future developments.
 In order to understand the fundamentals of
hydropower development, it is important to
have knowledge of the important
terminologies of the field.

 Work is transferred energy and is the product

of force times the distance moved.

 Energy is the capacity to do work.

 Water, by its very nature of being a fluid
that moves easily by action of gravity, has
energy.

 The work done by water in producing

electrical energy is usually measured in
kilowatt-hours (kwh).

 The energy from water can be either

potential energy by virtue of position,
pressure energy due to the water pressure,
or kinetic energy by virtue of the water's
moving force or action.
 Power is the rate of transferring energy or work per
unit of time.

 If a mass ‘m’ is raised through height ‘H’, it gains

energy mgH. If it does so in time ‘t’ then the rate of
conversion is ‘mgH/t’

 For a fluid in motion, the mass flow rate is ‘m/t’ or

ρQ. The rate of conversion to or from fluid energy
when the total head is changed by ‘H’ is therefore
ρQ(gH) or power = ρgQH

 In hydropower language it is measured in kilowatts

(kW).

 Power capacity is often used in referring to the rated

capability of the hydro plant to produce energy.
 What is Work, Energy and Power?
Work
Definition Work is said to be done when a force applied to an object moves that
object.
Formula We can calculate work by multiplying the force by the movement of the
object.
W=F×d
Unit The SI unit of work is the joule (J)
Energy
Definition In physics, we can define energy as the capacity to do work.

Formula For the potential energy the formula is

P.E. = mgh
Unit The SI unit of energy is joules (J), which is named in honour of James
Prescott Joule.
Power
Definition Power can be defined as the rate at which work is done i.e. energy
converted.
Formula The formula for power is
P = W/t
https://byjus.com/physics/work-energy-power/
Unit The unit of power is watt (W).
 Manufacturers of hydraulic turbines are
usually required to specify what the rated
capacity of their units is in kilowatts.

 Two words frequently used in hydroelectric

terminology are demand and load.

 Demand refers to the amount of power

needed or desired while load refers to the
rate at which electrical energy is actually
delivered to or by a system.
 The power capacity of a hydropower plant
is primarily a function of two main
variables of the water which are water
discharge and hydraulic head.

 Water discharge is the volume rate of flow

with respect to time through the plant.

 FuII gate discharge is the flow condition

which prevails when turbine gates or
valves are fully open
 Pumps and turbines are energy conversion
devices
◦ Turbines turn fluid energy into electrical or
mechanical energy
◦ Pumps convert electrical or mechanical energy into
fluid energy
◦ Energy per unit weight is head H

◦ The first two terms represent the piezometric head

while the last term represents dynamic head.
 Hydraulic head is the elevation difference the water
falls in passing through the plant.

 Gross head of a hydropower facility is the difference

between headwater elevation and tail water elevation

 Net head is the effective head on the turbine and is

equal to the gross head minus the hydraulic losses
before entrance to the turbine and outlet losses

 Design head is the effective head for which the

turbine is designed for best speed and efficiency.