Adcanced Quality

Management
03. Lecture
Paired comparison Exercise
 Scaling Procedure Based on the
Method of Paired Comparison
• Attributes of products are not equally
important for customers
• We have to discover the rank of these
features and thus we can focus on the
main needs of customers.
 Exercise
• Coffee: 1-2 4-3
– Strong (I1)
– Milky (I2) 6-4 5-2
– Sweet (I3)
– Hot (I4)
5-1 1-4
– With Cinnamon (I5) 3-2 3-5
– With whipped cream (I6)
• Create pairs and Rank 5-6 2-6
them randomly or use
Ross-method 1-3 4-5
• Compare them, underline 2-4 3-6
the preferred item
6-1
• Create Preference Matrix – this contains
preferences. Both in the rows and in the cols the
dimensions are presented. When someone
prefer item in row to item in col there is 1,
otherwise 0.
• In the last col there is the sum of the value being
in the row. This means how often the row item
was preferred to the others.
 Consistency test
• There are 3 item: A, B, C
• If A>B and B>C then A>C when the decision maker
is consistent
• Consistency coefficient: d
K  (1  ) *100%
d max
• Where dmax is the maximum number of inconsistent
decisions
( n 3  n)
• If n is odd number d max 
24
6 item
• If n is even number: n 3  4n
d max  n=6
n(n  1)( 2n  1) a 2 24
d  
12 2 dmax=8
 Person 1.

I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 a a2 d=(5*5*11)/
I1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12-55/2=27,5-
27,5=0
I2 1 1 0 1 0 3 9 • K= 1-0/8=1
I3 1 0 0 1 0 100,00%
2 4
I4 1 1 1 1 1 5 25
I5 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
I6 1 1 1 0 1 4 16
a2=55
 Person 2
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 a a2
d=27,5-
I1 1 1 1 1 1 5 25 55/2=0

I2 0 0 1 1 0 2 4 • K= 100,00%
I3 0 1 1 1 0 3 9

I4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

I5 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
I6 0 1 1 1 1 4 16

a2=55
 Person 3
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 a a2
d=27,5-
I1 1 0 1 0 1 3 9 55/2=0
I2 0 0 1 0 1 2 4 • K= 100,00%
I3 1 1 1 1 1 5 25

I4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

I5 1 1 0 1 1 4 16

I6 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

a2=55
 Person 4
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 a a2

I1 1 1 1 1 1 5 25 d=27,5-
53/2=1
I2 0 0 1 0 1 2 4
• K= 87,5%
I3 0 1 1 0 0 2 4

I4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

I5 0 1 1 1 1 4 16

I6 0 0 1 1 0 2 4

a2=53
 Person 5
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 a a2
d=27,5-
I1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 53/2=1
I2 1 0 1 0 1 3 9 • K= 87,5%

I3 1 1 1 1 1 5 25

I4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

I5 1 1 0 1 0 3 9

I6 1 0 0 1 1 3 9

a2=53
 Person 6
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 a a2
d=27,5-
I1 1 0 1 0 0 2 4 55/2=0
I2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 • K= 100%
I3 1 1 1 1 0 4 16
I4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
I5 1 1 0 1 0 3 9
I6 1 1 1 1 1 5 25

a2=55
 Person 7
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 a a2
d=27,5-
I1 1 1 1 1 1 5 25 55/2=0

I2 0 1 1 1 1 4 16 • K= 100%
I3 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

I4 0 0 1 1 1 3 9

I5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
I6 0 0 1 0 1 2 4

a2=55
 Person 8
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 a a2
d=27,5-
I1 0 1 1 0 0 2 4 47/2=4
I2 1 1 1 0 1 4 16 • K= 50%
I3 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
I4 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
I5 1 1 0 1 0 3 9
I6 1 0 1 1 1 4 16

a2=47
 Person 9
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 a a2
d=27,5-
I1 1 0 1 0 1 3 9 55/2=0

I2 0 0 1 0 1 2 4 • K= 100%
I3 1 1 1 1 1 5 25

I4 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

I5 1 1 0 1 1 4 16
I6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a2=55
Summarized preference matrix
m – the
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 number of
consistent
I1 5 2 5 2 4 decision
maker is 6
I2 1 2 5 3 3
I3 4 4 4 6 2
I4 1 1 2 2 3
I5 4 3 0 4 2
I6 2 3 4 3 4
 Creation of weighted number
• Preference fraction: m
a
Pa  2
m*n
Where „m” is the number of consistent decision makers.

To get the weighted number we have 2 ways.

1. Calculate rows’ sum, and determine the distribution
of these
2. transform Pa value into a normal distribution z score,
and calculate the percentage value of it.
 z i  z min 
  *100%
 z max  z min 
 Totalized preference matrix –
1st way
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 a %
I1 5 2 5 2 4 18 20%
I2 1 2 5 3 3 14 15,6%
I3 4 4 4 6 2 20 22,2%
I4 1 1 2 2 3 9 10%
I5 4 3 0 4 2 13 14,4%
I6 2 3 4 3 4 16 17,8%
∑a=90
 Totalized preference matrix –
2nd way
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 a Pa z % G
I1 5 2 5 2 4 18 0,5833 0,21 81,01 9
I2 1 2 5 3 3 14 0,4722 -0,07 45,57 5
I3 4 4 4 6 2 20 0,6389 0,36 100 10
I4 1 1 2 2 3 9 0,3333 -0,43 0 0
I5 4 3 0 4 2 13 0,4444 -0,14 36,71 4
I6 2 3 4 3 4 16 0,5278 0,07 63,3 7

z min=-0,43 zmax=0,36 zmax – zmin= 0,79

Meaning of the Kendall Coefficient
• Kendall's coefficient of concordance is used
traditionally in statistics for measuring
agreement between k orderings.
• If it is 1 there is total concordance.
• If it is 0 there is no concordance at all. But it
even occur in that case when there is two group
of decision maker with opposite opinion. Then
cluster analyze should be used to discover the
groups.
Kendall coefficient of concordance
(W)
 • Rj is the sum of the
W 
 max columns in the
totalized preference
m 2 ( n 3  n)
matrix
 max  • R j is the mean of Rj-s
12

   (R j  R j ) 2 • Δ is the squared
j
distance
• m is the number of
decision maker
• n is the number of
items
 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6
I1 5 2 5 2 4
I2 1 2 5 3 3
I3 4 4 4 6 2 W=76/630=0,12

I4 1 1 2 2 3
I5 4 3 0 4 2
I6 2 3 4 3 4
Rj 12 16 10 21 17 14 Rjmean=15
(Rj-Rjmean)2 9 1 25 36 4 1 Δ=76
Δmax=630
Thank You for Attention