HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

Ar. Aniruddha Jogalekar

MMCOA, Pune
 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Cities are witnessing immense demographic expansion due to migration from rural areas, leading
to Urban Sprawl. Housing demand, Rise in cost of land, Industrialization, Trade & commerce
activities and Better education facilities in cities attract Floating population. This has lead to
expansion of cities in all directions and in turn has multiplied the complexities of Urban areas.
Development in Urban areas can be categorized in 4 categories.

1. High Rise High Density

2. High Rise Low Density
3. Low Rise High Density
4. Low Rise Low Density
 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
1. High Rise High Density 2. High Rise Low Density

4. Low Rise Low Density

3. Low Rise High Density
 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
• The solution to ever increasing demand of space – Commercial and Residential in
urban areas is in form of Tall buildings.

• This is possible because of the Modern construction technology.

Definition
• From structural point of view it can be defined as the building such that its height
will be affected by lateral forces resulting from earthquakes and wind forces to the
extent that such forces play a major role in the process of Design.
• NBC 2016 defines any building which is more than 15mt in height as High Rise
Building.
• From users perspective any building where in it is difficult to climb the upper floors
without taking help of mechanical means will be a High Rise Building.
• From services point of view any building where special provisions are required to
be made for staging of the Services is a High Rise Building.
• From neighborhood point of view any building which affects the Light and
Ventilation of the adjacent buildings will be a High Rise Building.

• Tall height < 300m

• Super tall height >300m
• Mega tall height >600m
HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
History and Evolution

Brihadishwar temple, Thanjavur –

66 mt ( 1010 AD)

Angkor Wat – 65 mt ( early 12th century)

 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
History and Evolution
From the legendary Tower of Babel to the iconic Burj Khalifa, humans have always
aspired to build to ever greater heights. Over the centuries, we have constructed
towering edifices to celebrate our culture, promote our cities – or simply to show off.

Historically, tall structures were the preserve of great rulers, religions and empires. For
instance, the Great Pyramid of Giza built to house the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu once
towered over 145 metres high. It was the tallest man-made structure for nearly 4,000
years, before being overtaken by the 160-metre-tall Lincoln Cathedral in the 14th
century. Other edifices, such as Tibet’s Potala Palace (the traditional home of the Dalai
Lama), or the monasteries of Athos were constructed atop mountains or rocky outcrops,
to bring them even closer to the heavens.

The Cupola at the top of

main Vimana, which a
monolithic Granite stone
weighs around 80 tons
and is believed to be have
been taken atop on a
temporary ramp extending
up to 6 km.
 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
History and Evolution

Iron Piller Gol Gumbaj

Name Era Details

Iron Piller from CE 375- 7.21mt high Corrosion
Chandragupt II, 415 resistant Iron monolithic
Delhi column
Qutub Minar, Delhi 1193 73mt high tower of victory
built in sand stone and Marble
GolGumbaj, 1623 51mt high Mosoleum built in
Vijaypur Dark basalt stone

Qutub Minar
 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
Modern Era
Invention of the steel frame by Williums Le Baron Jenny and
the Elevator safety break by Elisha Otis, the first high rise
building was born. In 1884-85 the 10 storied Home Insurance
Building in Chicago, USA was built.

Since then the buildings have grown taller with improvement

in Construction, Electrical and Mechanical systems.

First high rise building in Independent India was LIC

building in Chennai and was completed in 1961
Home Insurance Building
completed in 1884

Bridge of the river Chenab under Rajabai Tower, Mumbai, LIC Building , Chennai,
construction completed in 1878 completed in 1961
HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
Planning guidelines
 Current trend is to build
higher and higher buildings
 High rise buildings are
more expensive to construct
 They produce less usable
space
 Their operational costs are
more than conventional
buildings
 The space efficiency,
Shape & geometry of the
high rise building needs to
satisfy the value and cost of
the development equation.
 Square, Circular,
Hexagonal, Octagonal and
similar plan forms are more
space efficient than the
Rectangular or Irregular
shapes
 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
Service core
 Service cores are an important aspect of
Building design, Architecturally as well as
Structurally especially in High rise
buildings
 In high rise buildings the size of service
core tends to increase thereby affecting the
buildings net to gross area ratio
 Service core carries all the Services,
handles Vertical circulation and contributes
in Structural stability of the building
Service core typically contain the
following elements
1. Elevator shafts
2. Elevator Lobby
3. Staircase – Both Main & Fire escape
4. Toilets
5. Ancillary rooms like Pantry
6. Mechanical vertical service riser for
Electrical, Water, Sewerage, Rainwater,
Fire fighting, Exhaust ducts
 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
Service core
At the concept stage the Design team should consider the implication of a proper core
placement options. The major aspects which need to be addressed are
 Functionality of the Space Smart core design plays a key role in the office
 Fire escape regulations buildings. The positions of the service core in
 Overall Structural stability relation to usable areas in the floor plate essentially
 MEP services determines the vertical circulation system of the
 Building typology building and how the other services are distributed
 Cost
 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
Service core
Based on the location on the floor plate the cores can be classified as under

CENTRAL CORE

SPLIT CORE
 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
Service core

END CORE

ATRIUM CORE
 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
Sizing of the building
Generally stated Façade to façade depth of up to 13.5 mt for floor plates with slab to
slab depth of 3.6 mt to 4 mt,
Or
Core to Façade depth of 6 mt to 12 mt with slab height of 3.8 mt to 4.5 mt, are likely to
provide widest range of space planning options.

Orientation of the building and placement of service core

There is also a co-relation between the location of the Service core and cooling loads of
the building. The cooling load is most influenced by the service core position.

The split-core design with cores oriented East-West, with glazing to the North and
South has lower cooling load compared to a Central-core design.

The cores on the East West elevations reduce the high solar gain.

The service core can be placed to serve as solar buffers, thereby enabling a passive low-
energy configuration.
HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
Elevator configuration

Elevator Bank (Grouping)

Sky lobby for Elevators

Speed of elevators in high rise buildings is
Double Deck Elevators between 10 to 20 mt/sec
HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
Service core - Elevator
Elevators are the most important
means of vertical communication
in a High rise building.
They is used for
1. Day to day Commutation
2. Carrying services
3. Evacuation means in case of
emergencies
The current systems specifically
the ropes used have a
limitation and can be used for
height of up to 500mt.
Travelling in high speed
elevators for longer duration
have an impact on the
metabolism of the human
body
Mixed use requires different sets
of elevators
Sky lobbies are a solution for this
HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
Fire fighting shaft

Typical layout of a fire shaft as per NBC India 2016

 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
Service core

Typical Service core of a High rise building Service core of Burj Khalifa
 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - INTRODUCTION
Service core

Service core of Taipai 101 Integration of Service core with Out

Triggered structural system of Taipai 101