Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter One
Chapter One
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Learning objectives
At the end of this session, students will able to
- Define key terms such as health ,health education and other related
terms
- Understand concept of determinants of health
- Understand rationale and objective of health education
- Differentiate the concept of health education and health promotion
- List the principles of health education and promotion
- Discuss the role of health education in Primary health care (PHC)
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1. What is health ?
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Definition of health
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Cont…
Generally ,there are two different perspectives concerning people’
definitions of health that you as a Health professional will be
expected to understand; a narrow perspective and a broader
perspective.
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Cont…
Narrow perspectives of health
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Cont…
Broader perspectives of health
Defining health :
o The most widely used of the broader definitions of health is that
with in the constitution of the World Health Organization
(1948),which defines health as:
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A. Physical health/wellbeing
This means, individual is seen as healthy if all the body parts; cells,
tissues, organs, organ systems are functioning well.
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B. Mental wellbeing
The mentally healthy adult shows behavior which confirms an
awareness of self or personal identity and willingness to perceive
reality and cope with its difficulties.
Responds flexibly in the face of stress, receives pleasure from a
variety of sources, and accepts one's limitations realistically.
has a capacity to live with other people, to understand their needs, and
to achieve a mutually satisfying heterosexual relationship.
In sum, the mentally healthy person shows growth and maturity in
three areas: cognitive, emotional and social.
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C. Social health/wellbeing
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Cont…
It is in some ways subsumed under mental health.
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D. Emotional health
The ability to recognize emotions such as fear, joy, grief and anger and
to express such emotions appropriately (coping with stress, tension,
depression and anxiety).
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E. Spiritual health
For some it is connected with religion, for others with personal creeds,
values, principles of behaviour and achieving peace and being at
peace.
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What are the factors that determine health of
individual ,family and community ?
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Which one of the following has link with health?
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1.2 Determinants of health
Many factors combine together affect health of individual and
communities.
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Cont…
Determinants of health includes
social and economical environment
physical environment
individual characteristics and behavior
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o Income and social status : Higher income and social status
o Education : Lower education level linked to poor health
o Physical Environment : Safe water, clean air ,healthy work place ,safe
houses ,communities and roads
o Social support : Greater social support from families ,friends and community
linked to better health
o Genetics : some diseases are inherited through gene
o Personal behavior and life style
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1.3 Definition of health education
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Cont…
• Combination: emphasizes the importance of matching the multiple
determinants of behavior with multiple learning experiences or
educational interventions.
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Cont…
• Facilitate means create favorable conditions for action.
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1.4 Rationale for health education
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Cont…
Increasing the tendency of chronic conditions.
E.g. Hypertension.
Human behaviors are almost the single causes for the development of
such currently emerging health problems and also the main solution.
Many people do not seek treatment until it is too late. Ignorant, access,
afraid of seeking treatment
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Cont…
Prevention is better than cure. which is generally true especially for non
communicable diseases
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1.5 Objectives of health education
Ultimate goal of health education is to promote, maintain and improve individuals and
community health.
Educational objectives of health education
To provide appropriate knowledge: provision of correct knowledge, facts and
information.
For example, facts about CVD, HIV/AIDS.
To help develop positive attitude: has a lot to do with changing opinions, feelings and
beliefs of people.
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cont…
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1.6 Principles of health education
If the causes of the behaviors understood, health educator can intervene
with the most appropriate and efficient combination of education,
reinforcement and motivation.
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Cont…
2. Principle of multiple methods
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Cont…
3. Principle of Participation
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Cont…
It involves deciding in advance the when, who, what, how and why of health
education.
It also requires the planning for resources, methods and materials to be used,
identification of target groups etc.
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Cont…
5. Facts
Health education is given based on scientific findings/facts and current
knowledge.
6. Segmentation
Health education should be designed for a specific group of people/specific
target groups
7. Need based
Health education is primarily educational and its purpose is to ensure a desired
health related behavior after real need identification.
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Cont…
8. Culture
One has to get into the culture of the community to introduce new
ideas easily
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Health promotion Vs. health education concepts
Health promotion
Is defined as, “The process of enabling people to increase, control over, and
to improve their health”, (Ottawa Charter 1986).
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Cont…
Health promotion is the science and art of helping people change their
lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health.
It emphasizes not only prevention of disease but the promotion of positive
good health.
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Cont…
Health promotion is any combination of health, education, economic,
political, spiritual or organizational initiative designed to bring about
positive attitudinal, behavioral, social or environmental changes
conducive to improving the health of populations.
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HE Vs HP
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1.7 Principles of Health Promotion
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Cont…
Health promotion is directed towards action on the determinants or
cause of health.
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Cont…
Health promotion aims particularly at effective and concrete public
participation.
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Cont…
Health promotion combines diverse, but complementary methods or
approaches including;
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In general, Health Promotion includes
Promoting healthy lifestyles.
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Example of preventable health problems related to lifestyle
• Unhealthy diet.
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Primary Health Care & Health Education
PHC is defined
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Role of HE in PHC
HE is:
A component of PHC
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Role of health education in PHC
Immuniza
tion
Provisions
Food and
of
proper
essential
nutrition
drugs
Health
Treatment of Education
common
MCH
disease and
injuries
Prevention
Safe and
and control
adequate
of locally
water
endemic
supply
disease
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Cont…
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Main Principles of PHC
1.Equity
2.Community Participation
3.Inter-Sectoral Approach
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Cont…