ECOE 212

11/03/2024
Klasbywoning / Class attendance

https://forms.office.com/r/TSsXESWSFD https://forms.office.com/r/TSsXESWSFD?origin=lp
rLink
LEEREENHEID 3 / STUDY UNIT 3
Strategiese hulpbronne in die RSA /
Strategic resources in the RSA
Uitkomste / Outcomes
Na jou studie van leereenheid 3 After studying study unit 3
behoort jy in staat te wees om you should be able to

 die watersituasie in Suid-Afrika • discuss the water situation in

en die pogings van die South Africa and the efforts of
Departement van Waterwese en the Department of Water
Bosbou om hierdie skaars en Affairs and Forestry to
ekonomies noodsaaklike manage this scarce and
hulpbron te bestuur te bespreek; economically vital resource;
• evaluate the energy sources
 die energiebronne in Suid-Afrika
in South Africa; and
te evalueer; en
• explain the other strategic
 die ander strategiese aktiwiteite activities in the South African
in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie economy to learners and
aan leerders te verduidelik en critically evaluate them
dit, gegrond op Suid-Afrikaanse according to South African
toestande, krities te evalueer. conditions.
Internasionale maatstawwe /
International measures
• Biodiversiteitsverlies • Biodiversity loss
(CITES) (CITES)
• Chemiese afval • Chemical waste
(Stockholm-protokol) (Stockholm Protocol)
• Gevaarlike afval • Hazardous waste
(Basel-konvensie) (Basel Convention)
• Klimaatsverandering • Climate change (Kyoto
(Kioto-protokol) Protocol)
• Verlies van inheemse • Loss of indigenous
kennis (plaaslike knowledge (local
kapasiteitsbou) capacity-building)
Internasionale maatstawwe /
International measures
Internasionale maatstawwe /
International measures
Major international agreements /
Internasionale ooreenkomste
• Rio de Janeiro summit (UNCED) - 1992
• Johannesburg summit (WSSD) – 2002
• Rio +20 summit (Brazil)
• Kyoto-protocol (1997)
• Millenium Development Goals
• United Nations Framework Convention on
Climage change (COP 17) - Durban
Major international agreements /
Internasionale ooreenkomste
Major international agreements /
Internasionale ooreenkomste
https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/dasguptareview

https://youtu.be/JvPJALCZOeo
Hersiening van die vorige les /
Recap from the previous lesson
1. Wat is die 1. What is the
ekonomiese economic
belangrikheid van importance of
water? water?
2. Wat is die water / 2. What is the
energie / voedsel water/energy/food
nexus? nexus?
3. Wat is die paradoks 3. What is the paradox
van waarde? of value?
Leergedeelte 3.4 /
Study Section 3.4
Energiebehoeftes en –voorsiening /
Energy needs and supply
 Leeruitkomste / Learning outcomes
Na bestudering van Leergedeelte
3.4 behoort jy in staat te wees
om:
• die belangrikheid van
energie in die Suid-
Afrikaanse ekonomie en die
aard van die energievraag
deur die ekonomiese
subsektor te beskryf; en
• skryf 'n opstel oor al die
huidige en moontlike
toekomstige energiebronne
in Suid-Afrika.
After studying study section 3.4
you should be able to:
• describe the importance of
energy in the South African
economy and the nature of
the energy demand by the
economic sub-sector; and
• write an essay on all the
current and possible future
sources of energy in South
Africa.
Energy sources & renewable energy

https://www.ipp-renewables.co.za/

• http://www.energy.gov.za/home.html
 Zutari
Kruisvallei Hydropower Project

https://www.zutari.com/our-projects/?_project_markets_facet=1445
Renewable energy power plants

• https://aidc.org.za/renewable-energy-south-africa-electricity-power-plant
s/
• https://businesstech.co.za/news/energy/105015/how-much-100-renewa
ble-energy-in-africa-would-cost/
Energiebehoeftes en -voorsiening
Energy needs and supply
• Energie is van strategiese
belang vir die ekonomiese
ontwikkeling van enige land.
• Die Wêreldbank gebruik
energie as ʼn aanduiding om die
vlak van ekonomiese
ontwikkeling van verskillende
lande in die wêreld te bepaal
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/energy
• Energy is strategically important
for the economic development
of any country.
• The World Bank uses energy as
an index to determine the level
of economic development of
different countries in the world
Energiebehoeftes en -voorsiening
Energy needs and supply
Energiebehoeftes in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie
Energy needs in the South African economy
• Die Nasionale Energieraad is in 1987 • The National Energy Board was
gestig met die enkel doelwit om established in 1987 with the sole objective
oorkoepelende verantwoordelikheid vir ʼn of accepting overarching responsibility for
energiebeleid vir Suid-Afrika te aanvaar an energy policy for South Africa and, in
en, in samewerking met die private en conjunction with the private and public
openbare sektore, om die energiebelange sector, to direct, promote and coordinate
van die land te bestuur, te bevorder en te
the energy interests of the country.
koördineer.
• It serves the interests of consumers
• Dit dien die belange van verbruikers
(households), distributors and producers
(huishoudings), verspreiders en
of energy (Swanepoel, 1999:289).
produseerders van energie (Swanepoel,
1999:289).
• Eskom was established in 1923 as the
Electricity Supply Commission (ESCOM)
• Eskom is in 1923 as die
by the government of the Union of South
Elektrisiteitsvoorsieningskommissie
Africa in terms of the Electricity Act
(ESKOM) deur die regering van die Unie
(1922).
van Suid-Afrika gestig in terme van die
Wet op Elektrisiteit (1922).
Energiebehoeftes in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie
Energy needs in the South African economy

• NERSA
Klasbespreking /
Class discussion
• Verdeel in pare; • Divide in pairs;
• Doen navorsing op • Do research on the
die internet; internet;
• Bepaal wat die • Determine what the
verhouding is tussen relationship is
NERSA en ESKOM. between NERSA and
ESKOM.
Energiebehoeftes in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie
Energy needs in the South African economy

• NERSA
Energiebehoeftes in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie
Energy needs in the South African economy

https://www.eskom.co.za/
Energiebehoeftes in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie
Energy needs in the South African economy

• Eskom is die grootste • Eskom is the largest producer

produsent van elektrisiteit in
Afrika, en is onder die top
sewe nutsbedrywe in die
wêreld in terme van
opwekkingsvermoë en onder
die top nege in terme van
verkope.
• Suid-Afrika produseer jaarliks
om en by 240 300 gigawatt-
uur (865 000 TJ) elektrisiteit,
waarvan 95% deur ESKOM
opgewek worddie inflasiekoers
of electricity in Africa, and is
among the top seven utilities
in the world in terms of
generation capacity and
among the top nine in terms of
sales.
• South Africa produces around
240 300 gigawatt-hours (865
000 TJ) of electricity annually,
95% of which is produced by
ESKOM.
Energiebehoeftes in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie
Energy needs in the South African economy

https://www.eskom.co.za/about-eskom/company-information/
 Energiebehoeftes in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie
Energy needs in the South African economy

https://www.eskom.co.za/about-eskom/company-information/

https://www.eskom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/How-Eskom-generate-electricity.pdf
Energie en landelike ontwikkeling
Energy and rural development
• Energie is ʼn noodsaaklike maar
onvoldoende element van alle
landelike ontwikkelings- aktiwiteite
en een wat dikwels oor die hoof gesien
word,
• aangesien die aard van energie-
verbruik in die landelike ekonomie nog
steeds nie behoortlik verstaan word nie • and also because new energy supply
• en ook omdat nuwe
energievoorsieningstelsels dikwels
enorme kapitaal uitgawes en
spesiale vaardighede met langer
afleweringstye as ander landelike
infrastruktuurprojekte en beleggings
vereis
• Energy is an essential but insufficient
element of all rural development
activities and one that is often
overlooked,
• since the nature of energy consumption
in the rural economy is still not properly
understood
systems often require huge capital
expenditure and special skills with
longer delivery times than other rural
infrastructure projects and investments
Energiebronne / Sources of energy

• Steenkool • Coal
• Kernkrag (uraan) • Nuclear power (uranium)
• Vloeibare brandstowwe • Liquid fuels
• Binnelandse olie en gas • Domestic oil and gas
• Ru-olie • Crude oil
• Gas • Gas
• • Electricity
Elektrisiteit
• Renewable energy sources
• Hernubare energiebronne
• Alternative energy sources
• Alternatiewe
energiebronne
Energy sources in South Africa

• http://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/202
1-South-African-Energy-Sector-Report.pdf
Huidige en toekomsbeleid
Current and future policy
• Kernkrag • Nuclear power
• Konstruksie van • Construction of new
nuwe kragaanlegte powerplants
• Skaliesegas • Shale gas (fracking)
(Hidrouliese
breking)
Nuclear energy

https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/latest-red-flag-raised-at-eskoms-koeberg-statio
n-involves-contractor-making-a-critical-error/ar-AAV9fyu?li=BBqfP3n
Gevare van skaliegas / Dangers of fracking
Leergedeelte 3.5 /
Study Section 3.5
Industriële ontwikkelingsbeleide /
Industrial development policies
 Leeruitkomste / Learning outcomes
Na bestudering van Leergedeelte
3.5 behoort jy in staat te wees
om:
• Bespreek kortliks die redes vir
nywerheidsontwikkeling;
• Regverdig Suid-Afrika se
nywerheidsontwikkelingsbeleide
• Verduidelik kortliks Suid-Afrika se
nywerheidsontwikkelingstrategieë
• Regverdig Suid-Afrika se
nywerheidsontwikkelingsbeleide
en hul geskiktheid in terme van
internasionale beste praktyk.
After studying study section 3.5 you
should be able to:
• Briefly discuss the reasons for
industrial development;
• Justify South Africa’s Industrial
Development Policies
• Briefly explain South Africa’s
Industrial Development Strategies
• Justify South Africa’s industrial
development policies and their
suitability in terms of international
best practice.
Concepts / Konsepte
Concepts / Konsepte
SDI’s
SDI’s
Industrial Development Zones
(IDZ)
Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
Leergedeelte 3.6 /
Study Section 3.6
Ander strategiese ekonomiese aktiwiteite /
Other strategic economic activities
 Leeruitkomste / Learning outcomes
Na bestudering van Leergedeelte 3.3
behoort jy in staat te wees om:
• Bespreek die belangrikheid van die
Atlantis-dieselenjinaanleg vir die Suid-
Afrikaanse ekonomie;
• die strategiese belangrikheid van
Krygkor/Denel vir die ekonomie van die
RSA te bespreek en krities te evalueer;
• beskryf die volgende ander strategiese aktiwiteite:
• die Suid-Afrikaanse Bosboumaatskappy Beperk
(SAFCOL),
• die akwakultuurbedryf, die Suid-Afrikaanse
Toeristekorporasie (SATOUR),
• die Minerale Tegnologieraad (MINTEK), navorsing en
ontwikkeling; en
• ekotoerisme te definieer en die rol en
belangrikheid daarvan in die Suid-
Afrikaanse ekonomie krities te
evalueer.
After studying study section 3.3 you
should be able to:
• Discuss the importance of the Atlantis
diesel engine plant for the South
African economy;
• discuss and critically evaluate the
strategic importance of Armscor/Denel
for the economy of the RSA;
• describe the following other strategic
activities:
• the South African Forestry Company Limited
(SAFCOL),
• the aquaculture industry,
• the South African Tourist Corporation (SATOUR),
• the Mineral Technology Board (MINTEK),
• research and development; and
• define ecotourism and critically
evaluate its role and importance in the
South African economy.
Ander strategiese ekonomiese aktiwiteite
Other strategic economic activities
Strategiese ekonomiese
aktiwiteite verwys na daardie
ekonomiese aktiwiteite
• wat noodsaaklik is vir oorlewing
en wat die beskerming,
• bevordering, uitbreiding en
• stabiliteit van die breë basis
van die ekonomie verseker.
Strategic economic activities refer
to those economic activities
• that are essential for survival
and which ensure the
protection,
• advancement, expansion and
• stability of the broad basis of the
economy.
Klasaktiwiteit / Class activity
• Dink oor ‘n • Think about a
strategiese strategic economic
ekonomiese aktiwiteit activity in South
in Suid-Afrika en skryf Africa and write it
dit neer op ‘n stuk down on a piece of
papier. paper.
• Skryf 2 redes neer • Write down 2 reasons
waarom jy dink dit is why you think it is a
‘n strategiese strategic activity.
aktiwiteit.
Die Atlantis-dieselenjinaanleg (ADA)
The Atlantis diesel engine plant (ADE)
• In November 1978 is daar aangekondig
dat die IDC, in samewerking met Daimler
Benz en Perkins Engines,
• R260 miljoen sou belê om ʼn
vervaardigingsaanleg vir dieselenjins by
Atlantis, ʼn ekonomiese groeipunt naby
Kaapstad op te rig.
• Teen die middel van 1981 het werk begin
met die montering van enjins en sedert
1983 word amper alle groot dieselenjins
plaaslik vervaardig.
https://ade-engines.co.za/
• In November 1978 it was announced
that the IDC, in conjunction with Daimler
Benz and Perkins Engines,
• would invest R260 million to erect a
manufacturing plant for diesel engines in
Atlantis, an economic growth point near
Cape Town.
• By the middle of 1981 work was started
on the mounting of engines and since
1983 almost all big diesel engines are
manufactured locally.
 Vehicle manufacturers in South Africa
https://naamsa.net

https://www.naamsa.co.za/papers/Manufacturer_and_Importers_Location.pdf
 Vehicle manufacturers in South Africa

https://www.naamsa.co.za/papers/Manufacturer_and_Importers_Location.pdf
Die wapentuigkorporasie van Suid-Afrika (Armscor/ Denel)
The armament corporation of South Africa (Armscor / Denel)

• In ʼn proaktiewe stap van die Suid- • In a proactive step by the South

Afrikaanse regering om die
uitwerking van die Verenigde
Nasies se verpligte wapenboikot
teen die land in 1977 te beperk, is
die huidige Armscor in terme van
wetgewing gestig wat die ou
Armscor en die Wapenraad
geamalgameer het
African government to limit the
effect of the United Nation's
compulsory arms boycott against
the country in 1977, the current
Armscor was established by
legislation that amalgamated the
old Armscor and the Armament
Board.

https://www.armscor.co.za/
Die wapentuigkorporasie van Suid-Afrika (Armscor/ Denel)
The armament corporation of South Africa (Armscor / Denel)

• Denel SOC Bpk is 'n Suid- • Denel SOC Ltd is a South African
Afrikaanse lugvaart- en militêre state-owned aerospace and military
tegnologie-konglomeraat in technology conglomerate
staatsbesit wat in 1992 gestig is. established in 1992.
http://www.denel.co.za/home

http://admin.denel.co.za/uploads/5826359dfc00c4929ec76e7490e0fcce.pdf
Die wapentuigkorporasie van Suid-Afrika (Armscor/ Denel)
The armament corporation of South Africa (Armscor / Denel)

• Armscor het spoedig een van die
grootste nywerheidsentiteite in die
land geword. Nie net is wapentuie
en ander militêre toerusting vir die
Suid-Afrikaanse Leër en
veiligheidsmagte geproduseer nie,
maar Armscor het sigself gevestig
as een van die grootste
vervaardigers op die internasionale
wapentuigmark
• Armscor rapidly became one of
the largest industrial entities in the
country. Not only were armaments
and other military equipment
produced for the South African
Army and security forces, but
Armscor established itself as one
of the biggest manufacturers in
the international armament market
Die wapentuigkorporasie van Suid-Afrika (Armscor/ Denel)
The armament corporation of South Africa (Armscor / Denel)

• Weens die afname in wêreldkonflik, • Owing to the decrease in world conflict,

die onaafhanklikheid van Namibië en
die veranderde posisie van Suid-
Afrika, het die regering dit goed gedink
om ʼn groot deel van Armscor te
privatiseer om Denel te stig.
the independence of Namibia and the
changed position of South Africa, the
government thought it proper to
privatise a large part of Armscor to
establish Denel.

• Laasgenoemde is deur Armscor • The latter is contracted by Armscor to

gekontrakteer om verlangde toerusting supply desired equipment while

te voorsien terwyl Armscor verseker Armscor ensures that the infrastructure
dat die nodige infrastruktuur vir die necessary for manufacturing weapons
vervaardiging van wapens en and equipment is maintained.
toerusting gehandhaaf word

https://www.armscor.co.za/?page_id=3082
Ander strategiese aktiwiteite / Other strategic activities
Behalwe ADA en Armscor/Denel, het ʼn
aantal ander strategiese ekonomiese
aktiwiteite na vore gekom wat beduidend
tot die ekonomiese ontwikkeling in die
land bydra.
In Ekonomie 2000 word aandag geskenk
aan die volgende verwante aktiwiteite
• Die South African Forestry Company
Limited (SAFCOL);
• die waterkultuurnywerheid;
• die Suid-Afrikaanse
Toerismekorporasie (SATOUR);
• die Minerale Tegnologieraad
(MINTEK); en
• navorsing en ontwikkeling.
https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/south-africa-energy
Besides ADE and Armscor/ Denel, a
number of other strategic economic
activities emerged that contribute
significantly to economic development in
the country.
In Economics 2000 attention is paid to
the following related activities:
• The South African Forestry Company
Limited (SAFCOL);
• the aquaculture industry;
• the South African Tourism Corporation
(SATOUR);
• the Mineral Technology Board
(MINTEK); and
• research and development.
 Ander strategiese aktiwiteite / Other strategic activities
Departement van Handel, Department of Trade, Industry and
Nywerheid en Mededinging Competition
• SEZ – Spesiale Ekonomiese - SEZ – Special Economic Zones
Sones - Clothing, textiles, leather and
• Klere-, tekstiel-, leer- en footwear sector
skoenesektor - Automotive sector
• Motorsektor - Agro-processing sector
• Landbouverwerkingsektor - Metals fabrication, capital and rail
transport sector
• Metale vervaardiging, kapitaal en
spoorvervoer sektor - Film Sector
• Filmsektor - Mining Capital Equipment

• Mynboukapitaaltoerusting - Chemicals Sector

https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/2018
• Chemiese Sektor 05/industrial-policy-action-plan.pdf

http://www.thedtic.gov.za/
Ander strategiese aktiwiteite / Other strategic activities

https://www.tourism.gov.za/Pages/home.aspx
https://www.tourism.gov.za/AboutNDT/Publications/Annual%20State%20of%20Tou
rism%20Report%20(STR)%202019-20.pdf
ONTHOU / REMEMBER
 N K Y O U
THA e
ie d a n k i
Ba
A L E B O G A
KE

© North-West University (2012)