Óptica y Electromagnetismo

(106017C) -OpE
Lecture 1. Introduction and basic concepts
Prof. Carlos Galíndez
galindez.carlos@correounivalle.edu.co
Quantum Optics Group
2024
 Course content
Course information
Outlook Bibliography
Evaluation
Course Schedule
 Properties of light and concepts on
optics

Light-matter interaction
1. Course
content Electromagnetic waves

Radiative transfer
2. Course description

Optics and Electromagnetism course is a theoretical-practical subject and is part of the applied physics branch.

This course aims to introduce students to theoretical-practical concepts of optics, optical spectroscopy and
electromagnetism

The students review previous knowledge, carry out activities of experimental data collection, information management,
mathematical and graphical representation, as well as application of theoretical, experimental and computational models.

At the end of the course, the student will understand fundamental concepts of the analysis of optics, optical spectroscopy
and light-matter interaction, experimental design, error analysis and data processing.

These concepts are necessary to advance in the learning of engineering experimentation and the interrelation of areas of
knowledge.
 Óptica. Eugene Hecht. Addison-
Wesley 2017

3. Óptica. J. Casas. Librería Pons.

Bibliograph Zaragoza, 1994
y
Óptica Básica, Daniel Malacara, 3a
Edición. Colec. Ediciones
Científicas Universitarias. 2015
4. Evaluation

RA % Posibles actividades evaluativas

Reportes o Bitácora – Etapa 1
30%
RA1 Taller 1
Evaluación parcial 1 (15%)

Reportes o Bitácora – Etapa 2

20%
RA2 Taller 2
Evaluación parcial 1 (10%)

Reportes o Bitácora – Etapa 3

30%
RA3 Taller 3
Evaluación parcial 2 (15%)

Reportes o Bitácora – Etapa 4

20%
RA4 Taller 4
Evaluación parcial 2 (10%)
Total 100%
5. Course
Schedule
 Radiation is energy that moves from one place to another in a
form that can be described as waves or particles.

What
radiation is?

What is radiation good for? – Some examples

https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/what-is-radiation
 Non-ionizing radiation

Types of
radiation

https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/what-is-radiation
 Ionizing radiation

Types of
radiation

https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/what-is-radiation
 Light Sources

• A hot body emits

radiation
• Radiation comes from
atoms or molecules, from
changes in the movement
of charges
• Each substance emits and
absorbs characteristic
radiation.
• Spectra contain
information about the composition of a given radiation.
• There is no strictly
GOCUVmonochromatic radiation. 11
 Kirchhoff & Bunsen Laws

• Chemical elements emit

a striped spectrum,
which is characteristic of Sodium?
the element and
depends on the "The ratio between the emission
temperature. power and the absorption power for
• Each substance has lightning of the same wavelength is
absorption maxima in constant for all bodies at the same
the position of the temperature
stripes it emits.
Kirchhoff, 1859
1st. Law
GOCUV 12
 About Foucault’s Experiment
1. Isaac Newton: (1666) passed sunlight through a hole, then a prism and
produced the colored spectrum on to a wall.
2. Thomas Melvill (1752), discovered that putting different substances in
flames, and passing the light through a prism, gave differently patterned
spectra. In William Wollaston (1802) had discovered that in fact the solar
spectrum itself had tiny gaps…
3. Joseph von Fraunhofer (1814) investigated these dark lines much more
systematically: "almost countless number" of lines
4. Frederick W. Herschel (1820) recognized that spectra provided an
excellent way to detect and identify small quantities of an element.
5. In 1849, Foucault examined the spectrum of light from a voltaic arc
between carbon poles.

• He saw a bright double yellow line at the same wavelength as

Fraunhofer's dark D line in the solar spectrum.
• Passing the sun's light through the arc, then through a prism,
he observed that the D lines in the spectrum were even
darker than usual.
• After testing with other sources, he concluded that the arc,
which emitted light at the D line frequency, would
also absorb light from another source at that frequency.

Michael
TheFowler,
first“Spectra”.
systematicUniversity of Virginia
investigation of spectra was done by Bunsen and
https://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/spectra.html
Kirchhoff, in Heidelberg, between 1855 and 1863
GOCUV 13
How to understand the phenomena of radiation?
• Hot bodies: continuous spectrum
• The elements: discreet spectrum of lines
• The molecules: discrete band spectrum
• Atoms and molecules are stable

Discrete energy transfer

Planck
1900

The discrete character of light

Einstein
1917

Discreet and stationary states of atoms

Bohr
1911
Populations and probabilities of transition
GOCUV 14
 Discrete Energy Transfer

An atomic or molecular system can

only exchange energy in light form,
in finite quantities, whose size is:

𝐸=h 𝜈
Planck Radiation Law:
The spectrum of hot bodies
Stefan's law - Boltzmann
The Displacement Law
GOCUV 15
The spectrum of Hot Bodies

1450
0.004

Irradiancia Monocromática [10 W/m ]

2000 K

2
Máx= 1450 nm

14
0.002

0.000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Longitud de Onda [nm]
GOCUV 16
The Stefan – Boltzmann Law
800

700 Irradiancia Total

600

Irradiancia Total [ W/cm ]

2
500

400

300

200

100

-100
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
4 12 4
T [10 K ]

GOCUV 17
Radiation of incandescent bodies

0.00014
2900

0.00012
1000 K

Irradiancia Monocromática [ 10W/m ]

2
900 K
0.00010
800 K
14 700 K
0.00008 3225
600 K

0.00006
3625
0.00004
4150
0.00002
4825

0.00000

-0.00002
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
LONGITUD DE ONDA [nm]

GOCUV 18
The Wien's Displacement Law

6000

Longitud de Onda del Máximo [nm]

Posición de los Máximos [nm]
5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020
-1 -1
T [K ]
GOCUV 19
Two Basic Laws
Emitted Energy :
I  T 4 Magnitude and Brightness

2 5 k 4
 2 3
15c h
 5. 67  10 
8
Wm -2 -4
K 

B Surface Temperature:
 Max  Color
T B  2. 8978  10 mK 
3

GOCUV 20
 Spectrum of Solar Radiation

GOCUV 21
 The spectrum of Sunlight

Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)

http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/pdf/FSEC-PF-270-95.pdf
https://solarconsultingservices.com/smarts.php GOCUV 22
 Vega spectrogram

Gilbert Grillot
http://sweiller.free.fr/spectrum.html
GOCUV 23
 http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfkxa/

Vega Spectrum
24
GOCUV
 The Light of the Stars

CONTINUOUS
SPECTRUM

Gas body
Dense and hot

Multiple high-
energy
collisions
GOCUV 25
 The Light of the Stars

SPECTRUM
OF LINES

Low dense and

hot gas body

Few high-
energy
collisions
GOCUV 26
 The Light of the Stars

SPECTRUM
OF DARK
LINES
Radiant Body
Surrounded by
low dense and
cold GAS
Gas atoms
absorb
GOCUV
radiation 27