CHAPTER 1

OBJECTIVES
N ZY At the end of the topic, students should be able to:

1. To understand the importance of lowering the

activation energy for catalytic reaction
2. To understand the basic mechanisms of enzyme
action and distinguish between the ‘lock-and key
hypothesis’ and the concept of ‘induces fit’.
3. To study the factors that affecting the enzyme
reaction
4. To know the naming and classification of enzyme
 CONTENT:
N ZY
The general characteristics
01 of enzymes
 WHAT ARE
ENZYMES?

Enzymes are proteins and act as biological catalyst.

1 - Catalysts – substances that increase the rate of chemical reaction.
Enzymes are specific for what they catalyst and remain unchanged
2 after the reaction.
Enzymes are important for speeding up many reactions. Without
3 enzymes, the reaction can still occur but at slower rate to support life.

4 It does this by lowering the activation energy of reaction.

5 Activation energy is the energy input required by the reaction to begin.

Characteristics of Enzyme
Enzymes are globular protein with are catalytic properties.
1 It made from a long and linear chains of amino acids that fold to produce 3-D shape.
Enzymes are mostly in tertiary and quaternary structure.

Each enzyme have an active site for substrate binding.

2 Active site - location the reaction occurs.
Active site contains amino acid side chain that are complementary to the substrate.

substrate
active site

enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex

3 The reaction of enzymes are reversible

Enzyme does not consumed by the reaction. It can be recycled and reused by another reaction.

5
Characteristics of Enzyme
Enzymes are very specific.
4 Highly specific in their action, only certain substrate will fit into enzyme’s active site.
Enzymes can catalyze only one reaction, or act only on specific functional group such as amino,
methyl and phosphate, or act on particular type of chemical bond.

Enzymes are very efficient.

5 Only small amount of enzyme can change a large amount of substrate into products.

Enzymes are affected by many factors

6 Enzymes are affected by pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration,
inhibitors and activators.

Enzymes act as catalysts

7 because they can speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy in the reaction.

5
• Enzyme-catalyzed reaction:
hydrolysis of sucrose by
sucrase.

H20
Sucrase
To be continued…

ENZYME