Physical Water Treatment

Week IV

2024-03-11
CONTENT • Introduction to Physical Water Treatment
S • Coagulation Mechanisms and Efficiency
• Filtration Techniques in Physical Water Treatment
• Advanced Filtration Systems
• Design and Operation Considerations
• Environmental Impact and Sustainability
• Case Studies and Applications
• Future Outlook and Innovations
01
Introduction to Physical
Water Treatment
Overview
• Importance of Water Treatment:
Physical water treatment plays a vital role in removing impurities from water, ensuring
safe and clean water supply to consumers.
• Mechanisms of Physical Treatment:
Processes such as sedimentation, filtration, and coagulation are essential in the physical
treatment of water.
https://youtu.be/LtqL1lijI0M
https://youtu.be/ohmnW8t--bM
https://youtu.be/_a8Mbkt_o80
• Role of Coagulation:
removal of suspended particles, turbidity, and other
Introduction to Physical Water Treatment

• Overview:

• Coagulation in Detail:
Examining the Process
Coagulation in Detail

• Coagulation Chemicals:
aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride

• Coagulant Dosage:
0.5-100 mg/L
• Impact on Water Quality
plant-based coagulants: Guar gum, Gum Arabic, Seed Strychnos potatorum extract
from, Potato starch, and Cactus latifaria extract.
animal-based coagulants: chitosan, and Micro-organisms-based coagulants as
Xanthan gum.
02
Coagulation
Mechanisms and
Efficiency
Coagulation Mechanisms and Efficiency

• Treatment Mechanisms:
Understanding the Processes
• Enhancing Coagulation Efficiency:
Strategies and Practices
Treatment Mechanisms

• Chemical Reactions:
Coagulation involves complex chemical reactions between coagulants and impurities,
leading to their precipitation.
• Coagulation Kinetics:
Evaluating the kinetics of coagulation aids in optimizing the process for efficient
impurity removal from water.
• Particle Aggregation:
The aggregation of suspended particles due to coagulation aids in their easy separation
during subsequent treatment processes.
Enhancing Coagulation Efficiency

• pH Adjustment:
Controlling and optimizing the pH of water is crucial in enhancing the efficiency of
coagulation for improved water treatment.
• Coagulant Selection:
Consideration of the appropriate coagulant types and their characteristics is essential
for maximizing coagulation efficiency.
• Coagulation Optimization:
Continuous monitoring and optimization of coagulation parameters lead to enhanced
treatment efficiency and reduced operational costs.
Application
Textiles, food, slaughterhouses, surface treatment on metals

Costs
Coagulants: 0.15 to 5 €/kg
2007, volume 70 m³/hour,
pipe flocculator, poly electrolyte-creation unit and dosage pump and sludge
pump: € 105.000
03
Sedimentation and
Filtration Techniques in
Physical Water Treatment
Introduction

• Principles of Sedimentation:
Sedimentation is a process where particles settle out of the water under the force of
gravity. It is an important initial step in the water treatment process.
• Principles of Filtration:
Filtration is a method for separating solid particles from a liquid based on the particle
size and shape. It is crucial for removing fine particles that may remain after the
sedimentation process.
Types of Sedimentation Tanks

• Rectangular Sedimentation Tanks:

These tanks are commonly used in
water treatment plants and are designed
to remove large quantities of solids.
• Circular Sedimentation Tanks:
Circular tanks offer efficient removal
of solid particles and are often used for
smaller treatment facilities.
Filtration Media

• Sand Filtration:
Sand is a common filtration medium due to its ability to effectively remove particles
from water.
• Activated Carbon Filtration:
Activated carbon is utilized for the removal of organic contaminants and odors from
water.
Comparison of Sedimentation and Filtration

• Efficiency:
Discussing the efficiency of sedimentation in removing large particles, compared to
the finer particle removal capability of filtration.
• Cost-Effectiveness:
Evaluating the cost implications of employing sedimentation and filtration
technologies in water treatment processes.
Filtration Techniques in Physical Water Treatment

• Types of Filtration:
Exploring the Options
• Filtration Process Optimization:
Strategies and Benefits
Types of Filtration

• Granular Media Filtration:

Utilizing granular media such as sand and anthracite for effective removal of
impurities and particulates from water.
• Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration:
Employing advanced membrane-based filtration technologies for finer particle
removal and water purification.
• Diatomaceous Earth Filtration:
Examining the use of diatomaceous earth as a filtration media for achieving high-
quality water treatment.
Filtration Process Optimization

• Backwashing Methods:
Implementing efficient backwashing techniques is essential for maintaining the
effectiveness of filtration systems.
• Filtration Rate Control:
Regulating the filtration rate helps in optimizing the treatment process and extending
the lifespan of filtration media.
• Improved Water Clarity:
Effective filtration results in enhanced water clarity and purity, meeting stringent
quality standards and regulatory requirements.
Advanced Filtration Systems

• Membrane Filtration:
An in-depth look at membrane filtration technology.
• Multi-Media Filtration:
Understanding the principles and applications of multi-media filtration systems in
water treatment.
• High-Rate Filtration:
Examining high-rate filtration methods and their significance in large-scale water
treatment facilities.
Membrane Filtration

• Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration:

Exploring the use of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes in water treatment
processes.
• Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis:
Discussing nanofiltration and reverse osmosis as advanced membrane filtration
techniques for water purification.
04
Environmental Impact
and Sustainability
Environmental Impact and Sustainability

• Environmental Considerations:
Analyzing the environmental impact of sedimentation and filtration processes in water
treatment and their implications for sustainability.
• Energy Efficiency:
Exploring advancement in energy-efficient sedimentation and filtration technologies.
• Waste Management:
Addressing the waste management aspects associated with sedimentation and filtration
processes in water treatment facilities.
05
Future Outlook and
Innovations