PHYSIOLOGY 1

RESOURSE PERSON: DR TAYYABA SATTAR

RESOURSE:GUYTON AND HALL
 OVERVIEW

• Blood types

• Transfusion reactions
 BLOOD TYPES

2 Systems for blood typing:

1) O-A-B Blood Types

2) Rh Blood Types
 AGGLUTINOGENS

• Antigens on RBC’s surface

• Determine blood type

• Cause most blood transfusion reactions

• Agglutinogens are inherited

 O-A-B BLOOD TYPES

• Depends upon presence or absence of two

antigens

1) Type A

2) Type B

• Four major O-A-B blood types

 BLOOD TYPES
• Neither A nor B agglutinogen
– Blood type is O
• only A agglutinogen
– Blood type is A
• Only B agglutinogen
– Blood type is B
• Both A and B agglutinogen
– Blood type is AB
 GENETIC DETERMINATION

• Type O gene is functionless

• Six combinations of genes

• OO, OA, OB, AA, BB, and AB

• Combinations of genes are known as the

genotypes
FREQUENCIES OF BLOOD TYPES
 AGGLUTININS

• Gamma globulins

• Antibodies

• Produced by
– Bone marrow
– Lymph gland

• Most of them are IgM and IgG immunoglobulin

 AGGLUTININS

• Opposite to blood agglutinogens

• For example

• Type A blood contains

– Type A agglutinogens

– Anti-B agglutinins
AGGLUTININS
 TITER OF THE AGGLUTININS

• At birth
– Agglutinins in plasma is almost zero
• Maximum titer
– At 8 to 10 years of age
• Gradually declines throughout life
 RH BLOOD TYPES
• Six types of Rh antigens called an Rh factor
a) C

b) D

c) E

d) c

e) d

f) e

• Type D antigen is widely prevalent

RH BLOOD TYPES
 BLOOD TRANSFUSION

• Before giving a transfusion

• Determine the blood type of recipient

and donor

• Called blood typing and blood matching

T R A N S F U S IO N
REACTIONS
 ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS

• Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

• In Rh+ babies ,with Rh- mothers
• Fetal RBC’s are attacked by antibodies from
an Rh-negative mother.
• Cells rapidly rupture
 CLINICAL PICTURE

• Jaundiced & anemic at birth

• Agglutinins circulate for 1 to 2 months

• Hematopoietic tissues replace RBC’s

• Liver and spleen greatly enlarged

• Nucleated blast cells in circulation

CLINICAL PICTURE
CLINICAL PICTURE
 CLINICAL PICTURE

• Precipitation of bilirubin in the neuronal

cells
• Damage of cells
• Called Kernicterus
 TREATMENT

• Replace the neonate’s blood with Rh-negative

blood
• Several times during the first few weeks of life

• Keep bilirubin level low

• Prevent kernicterus
 PREVENTION

• Rh immunoglobulin, an anti-D antibody

• Administered to the expectant mother

starting at 28 to 30 weeks of gestation

• After delivery of Rh positive child

 QUIZ
• Q:1 Blood types are determined on
a) WBC’s
b) RBC’s
c) Platelets
d) Leukocytes
 QUIZ
• Q:1 Blood types are determined on
a) WBC’s
b) RBC’s
c) Platelets
d) Leukocytes
 QUIZ
• Q:2 person having A+ group will have
agglutinin
a) O
b) AB
c) A
d) B
 QUIZ
• Q:2 person having A+ group will have
agglutinin
a) O
b) AB
c) A
d) B
 QUIZ
• Q:3 person with O+ group can be transfused
with blood group
a) AB+
b) B+
c) A+
d) O+
 QUIZ
• Q:3 person with O+ group can be transfused
with blood group
a) AB+
b) B+
c) A+
d) O+
 QUIZ
• Q:4 In kernicterus, neuronal cells accumulate
a) Hb
b) Globulin
c) Billirubin
d) None of the above
 QUIZ
• Q:4 In kernicteris,neuronal cells accumulate
a) Hb
b) Globulin
c) Billirubin
d) None of the above
 QUIZ
• Q:5 Genes to determine Rh group system are
a) 4
b) 5
c) 2
d) 6
 QUIZ
• Q:5 Genes to determine Rh group system are
a) 4
b) 5
c) 2
d) 6