Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Virus
Virus
Host:
The host is the living organism the
parasite lives on.
Martinus Beijerinck Beijerinck is considered the
Dutch Scientist founder of _______.
virology
1898
Virology is:
The study of viruses.
In 1898, he used
filtration experiments
to prove that:
an agent smaller
He was the first than a bacterium was
causing tobacco
to name these mosaic disease.
very small
particles
“_______.”
viruses
Wendell Stanley:
American
biochemist
1904 - 1971
In 1935, Stanley was
able to isolate crystals
of the tobacco mosaic
virus.
When removed
from a living cell,
it _______
ceases all
activities but
retains its ability They may be crystallized and stored
to ___________.
infect the cell indefinitely, but even after longs
periods of time, they retain:
their ability to infect a living cell.
Viruses vary widely in terms of size and structure, but
they all have one thing in common:
1 – Capsid
2 – Base plate
3 – Tail fibers
4 – Sheath
5 – Collar
6 – DNA or RNA
Viruses are non-cellular.
1. They are not made of cells
and have no cell parts.
Polio Virus
Viruses of eukaryotes are usually tissue specific.
Example: Human cold viruses infect only the cells
lining the upper respiratory system, ignoring all other
tissues.
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect only certain
types of bacteria.
Viruses are not affected by any
antibiotic
known _________.
Anything that
will kill the
virus will also
kill the host.
Viruses:
Are They Living or Nonliving?
Living Characteristics of Viruses:
1. They can reproduce but only
inside a living cell.
2. They can mutate or change.
3. They have DNA or RNA.
Their genome may consist of
only four genes, or up to a
hundred genes.
Viruses:
Are They Living or Nonliving?
Non-living Characteristics of Viruses:
1. They are non-cellular.
2. They have no metabolism. They
have no food or energy
requirements.
3. They can be crystallized and
dehydrated and stored
indefinitely. They come to "life"
only when injected inside a living
cell.
Viral Reproduction :
How Do They Do It?
1. Since viruses have no
enzymes and no cell parts,
they force the host cell to:
start making viral parts
___________________.
2. A viral infection begins
when:
the genetic material (DNA
or RNA) of a virus makes
its way into a host cell.
hijacks the cell, reprogramming
3. Once inside, the virus _______
the cell.
4. The viral genome takes over the
_______
host cell and makes the host cell
start producing viral
________.
parts
The Lytic
are used to attach to only by a lytic cycle is
receptor sites on the
surface of the host cell. called a virulent phage.
Cycle
Entry. Phage DNA is
injected. Empty capsid
Release. The cell remains outside. Host
swells, bursts, and cell DNA is destroyed.
releases 100’s of new
viruses.
Synthesis. The
host cell is directed
to produce viral
genomes and
Assembly. The viral DNA or protein capsids.
RNA is assembled inside the
protein coat.
The Lysogenic
Cycle
1. In this type of viral reproduction:
the host cell makes copies of the viral genetic
material indefinitely.
2. The virus incorporates its DNA into the DNA of the
host cell. The viral DNA is then ________
replicated along with
the host cell’s own DNA.
3. Lysogenic viruses do not __________________.
kill the cell right away
inactive for some
A lysogenic virus may remain _______
period of time.
Phage attaches and
injects its DNA. Daughter cell
with prophage Many cell
divisions may
Bacterial occur, producing
chromosome
a large
population of
Bacteriophage bacteria that are
(phage) infected with the
prophage.
Viral DNA is
incorporated into the
bacterial
chromosome, forming
New viruses are produced. a prophage.
The Lysogenic
Cycle
The viral DNA
Prophage: embedded into the
host cell’s DNA.
Cell membrane,
Have DNA or RNA cytoplasm, nucleus,
and a protein capsid cytoplasmic organelles
Reproduce independently,
Only within a host cell either sexually or
asexually
DNA or RNA DNA
None Yes, in multicellular organisms
No Yes
No Yes
Yes Yes
Viral Diseases
There is little that can be done to
cure a viral infection.
Include:
Hepatitis
AIDS