STUDENT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM

BASIS DESIGN OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE POWERTRAIN

Presenters:
Do Thai Duong – V-E Automobile Mechanics 1 62
Nguyen Luu Nam – Automotive Engineering 2 62
Bui Trong Phu – V-E Automobile Mechanics 1 62

Supervisor: Dr. Nguyen Bao Loc

Hanoi, 8 May 2024

1
 ***Outline**
*
Impact on the environment and history of
I modern media 6

II Electric car structure 14

Calculation of the power source and

III 36
powertrain of an electric car

2
 CHAPTER 1:IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HISTORY OF
MODERN MEDIA
1.1 Air pollution

Air pollution Nitrogen oxides

3 Carbon Monoxide Non-flammable hydrocarbons

 CHAPTER 1:IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HISTORY OF
MODERN MEDIA
1.2 Global warming

Carbon dioxide
The large amountsgasof
is carbon
the result of thereleased
dioxide combustion of HC
into the and coal.by human activities are
atmosphere
Transportation accounted
believed to largely for global
cause the a largetemperature
portion (32% between
rise 1980
on Earth and 1999)
observed of carbon
in recent decades
dioxide emissions.
The distribution of carbon dioxide emissions is shown below the graph

Distribution
Global Earth's of carbon dioxide
atmospheric emissions
temperature from(1995)
(IPCC 1980 toupdated)
1999

4
 CHAPTER 1:IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HISTORY OF
MODERN MEDIA
1.3 History of electric car development

The first tram was built by Frenchman Gustave Trouvé in 1881. It's a tricycle
powered by a 0.1 horsepower direct current (DC) motor powered by a graphite
acid battery

Gustave Trouvé

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 CHAPTER 2: ELECTRIC CAR STRUCTURE
2.1 Structure of electric vehicles

Main drive of electric vehicles

Figure above depicts the configuration of the first option, in which the electric drive
replaces the internal combustion engine of the drive system of a conventional
vehicle.
It consists of an electric motor, a taper, a gearbox and a distributor.

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 CHAPTER 2: ELECTRIC CAR STRUCTURE
2.2 Performance of electric vehicles
2.2.1 Characteristics of traction motor

Variable speed electric drive systems typically have the properties shown in Figure.

In the low-speed region, the motor has a constant torque.

In the high-speed zone (higher than the wheelbase), the engine has a constant power.

Typical characteristics of variable speed

7 electric motors
 CHAPTER 2: ELECTRIC CAR STRUCTURE
2.2 Performance of electric vehicles
2.2.2 Traction and drive requirements
The traction force is created by the traction motor on the driven wheels, and the
speed of the vehicle is expressed as follows:

Tm .ig .i0 .t 𝜋 .𝑛𝑚 . 𝑟 𝑑

Ft  and 𝑉=
rd 30. 𝑖𝑔 .𝑖 0

With : Tm and nm are respectively the torque output of the engine in Nm and speed in rpm,
ig is the gear ratio of the gearbox,
i0 is the gear ratio of the final tension wheel,
ηt is the performance of the entire powertrain from the engine to the drive wheels

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 CHAPTER 2: ELECTRIC CAR STRUCTURE
2.2 Performance of electric vehicles
2.2.3 Vehicle performance

The basic performance of the car includes maximum speed when maneuvering, the
The total
Forability
an totraction
initial power
assessment
climb hills andrequired
of to accelerate
acceleration
accelerate. time the vehicle
relative from zero
to traction to V f in
power, onethecan
time it
ignore
The ability
takes can betocalculated
climb hills asis determined by the vehicle's actual traction:
follows:
roll friction and aerodynamic frictioncan
The maximum speed of a vehicle andeasily be found by the intersection of the traction
obtain:
curve with the resistance curve in the traction vs. vehicle speed graph
𝛿𝑀 2 F tM 2 2 .N
F2 tm ( .2rrd  Fw1)
F 3
𝑃𝑡= (𝑉ai 𝑓 V+𝑉
t  max 𝑏)+
 net ( f 𝑚𝑔.b𝑓 𝑟 𝑉 𝑓 + .𝜌 𝑎 𝐶 𝐷 . 𝐴 𝑓 .𝑉 𝑓
V  V
max
)
2𝑡 𝑎 2
MgPt 30. 3 ig minMg .i0 5

With
With FThe coefficient
is the pulling of rotational
force inertia
acting on of the medium,
the driven wheel, δ, is a constant.
With: tN
mmax is the maximum allowable revolutions of the traction motor and
FTraction capacity, Pt
r is the rolling resistance of the tire
FwiGisminthe
is aerodynamic
the minimum drag.
gear ratio of the gearbox (the highest).

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 CHAPTER 2: ELECTRIC CAR STRUCTURE
2.3 Traction during normal driving

During a specific driving cycle, the traction of a vehicle can be represented

as follows:

1 2 𝑑𝑉
𝐹 𝑡 =𝑚𝑔. 𝑓 𝑟 . cos𝛼+ 𝜌 𝑎 . 𝐶 𝐷 . 𝐴 𝑓 . 𝑉 +𝑀 𝛿 .
2 𝑑𝑡
Acceleration, dV/dt per driving cycle, can be calculated using the formula:

dV Vk 1  Vk
 (k= 1, 2, … n, n- total member of points)
dt tk 1  tk

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 CHAPTER 2: ELECTRIC CAR STRUCTURE
2.4 Energy consumption

The output power of the battery can be represented as:

V 1 dV
Pbout  ( Mg.( f r  i )   a .CD . Af .V 2  M  . )
t .m 2 dt

The regenerative braking power at the battery ends can also be represented as:
 .V 1 dV
Pbin  ( Mg .( f r  i )  a .CD . A f .V 2  M  . )
t .m 2 dt
The actual energy consumption from the battery is:

Eout   P
traction b out dt  braking Pb in dt
Typical motor electrical performance characteristics

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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.1 Traction motor calculation
3.1.1 Automobile route design

Parameters
Photo routeofofVinfast
VinfastVF8
VF8car
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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.1 Traction motor calculation
3.1.2 Design parameters, selection parameters, selectability

2 motor revolutions: nN = 5600vg / ph

Maximum speed: 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 200(𝑘𝑚 /ℎ)=55,55(m /s)
Initial parameters for calculating and selecting the power of the electric motor:
+ Self-weight:
+ Passenger weight:
+ Luggage weight:
Power transmission efficiency:
Air resistance coefficient: K= 0,3
Attachment coefficient:
Aerodynamic coefficient: C= 0,3
Total drag coefficient of the road:
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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.1 Traction motor calculation
3.1.3 Traction calculation

The
The values
maximumof power and of
power torque are both motor
an electric greatestisat calculated
the base speed point,
under the so with the
known wheelbase and maximum power, the maximum torque is determined as follows:
conditions:

( )
3
𝑁 1 9550. 𝐶𝑁𝐷 𝐹 𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃
𝑀 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑔𝑓 𝑣 + 𝑚𝑎𝑥
( 𝑁𝑚 )
𝑚𝑎𝑥 1
𝜔 3600 𝜂𝑡= 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛 21 ,15
𝑒 𝑒

( )
3
Rated torque: 1 𝐶𝐷 𝐴 𝑣𝑝
𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 2= 𝑚𝑔𝑓 𝑣 𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝑚𝑔 𝑣 𝑝 𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑚𝑎𝑥 +
3600 𝜂𝑡 Mdm = 0,33. + 35 (Nm) 21, 15

𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 3=
1 𝜎𝑚 2
(
1000 2 𝑡 𝑎
( 𝑣 𝑓 +𝑣 𝑏)
2
+
2
3
𝑚𝑔𝑓 𝑉 𝑓 +
1
5
𝜌𝑎 𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝑣
) 3
𝑓

𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≥ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 [ 𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 , 𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 , 𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 3 ]

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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.1 Traction motor calculation
3.1.3 Traction calculation
The electric motor torque is determined depending on the speed of revolution of
the motor and the current
M m =f( )

External characteristics of the engine

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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.1 Traction motor calculation
3.1.4 Calculation of the gear ratio of the powertrain

Powertrain gear ratio:

With : + Powertrain gear ratio: itl

+ Gear ratio of main power transmission: io

+ Gear ratio of the gearbox: ih

𝐺 . 𝜓 𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝑟 𝑏𝑥
𝑖𝑡𝑙 1
No. 1 hand transmission =
ratio
𝑀 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝜂 𝑡𝑙

𝜔𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝑟 𝑏𝑥
𝑖𝑡𝑙 2
No. 2 hand transmission =
ratio
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.2 Build graphs
3.2.1 Build traction balance graph
Traction balance equation of car :

With :

Equation of balancing the drag of a car:

The total traction of the car should be less than the grip between the wheels
and the road surface:
𝑃 𝜑 =𝐺 𝜑 . 𝑚𝑘 . 𝜑
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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.2 Build graphs
3.2.1 Build traction balance graph

Table of the car's traction value Traction balance graph

corresponding to the gear handles

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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.2 Build graphs
3.2.2 Build power balance graph
Power balance equation at active wheel:

With:

The power transmitted to the active wheel when pulling in the i-gear arm is
determined by the formula:

Considering windless road conditions:

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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.2 Build graphs
3.2.2 Build power balance graph

Table of the value of the car's towing capacity Power balance graph
corresponding to each gear hand
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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.2 Build graphs
3.2.3 Build dynamics factor graph
The dynamical factor is the ratio between the difference of tangential traction Pk and drag
air Pw with the total weight of the car. This ratio is denoted by "D"

Build graph:

𝐷𝑖 =
1
𝐺 ( 𝑀 𝑒 . 𝑖0 .𝑖 h𝑖
𝑟 𝑏𝑥
. 𝜂 𝑡𝑙 − 𝐾𝐹 𝑣 2
)
In the case of flat roads, no wind, stable movement of vehicles, dynamic factors according
to grip conditions are determined as follows:

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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.2 Build graphs
3.2.3 Build dynamics factor graph

Table of dynamics factors corresponding to Dynamics factor graph

numerical hands
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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.2 Build graphs
3.2.4 Determine acceleration and build an acceleration graph
Acceleration expression

When a car is moving on a flat road ( i=0 ) then:

With:

+ Di – the dynamic factor value in the ith hand corresponds

+ f, i – coefficient of rolling resistance and slope of the road

+ ji – acceleration of the car in the i-th hand.

+ δj is the coefficient that takes into account the influence of the mass of rotation
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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.2 Build graphs
3.2.4 Determine acceleration and build an acceleration graph

Table calculating ji values in microscope Accelerator graph

for each hand number

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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.2 Build graphs
3.2.5 Acceleration distance and acceleration time
Acceleration time:

Approximate by formula
𝑣2

( )
1 △𝑉 𝑖 1 1
𝑡 =∫ . 𝑑𝑣 ≈ ∑ △ 𝑡 𝑗 ≈ ∑ + ( 𝑠)
𝑣
𝑗 1
2 𝑗𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝑖 ( 1+𝑛 )
Acceleration distance:

Accelerated distance from vmin ÷ vmax:

( 𝑣 𝑗 +𝑣 𝑖 ) . 𝑡 𝑣 −𝑣
𝑆= 𝑖 𝑗

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2
 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.2 Build graphs
3.2.5 Acceleration distance and acceleration time

Table calculating acceleration time and Graph of acceleration time and acceleration
acceleration distance values distance
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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.2 Build graphs
3.2.6 Criteria for assessing the dynamics of cars
From the traction balance equation 𝑃 𝑘= 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑃 𝜔 + 𝑃 𝑓 + 𝑃 𝑗

The greatest hill climbing ability of a car:

𝑃 𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃 𝑓 + 𝑃 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥
⇒ 𝑃 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃 𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑃 𝑓
Maximum slope:

The largest towing capacity of a car:

𝑃 𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑥
⇒ 𝐺 𝑚=
𝜓
Based on the time-distance graph, acceleration can be determined jmax and t100

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 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE POWER SOURCE AND POWERTRAIN
OF AN ELECTRIC CAR
3.2 Build graphs
3.2.6 Criteria for assessing the dynamics of cars

Table of indicators for assessing the quality of

drag
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 Thank you very much
for your kind attention!

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