Arranging the Elements

THE PERIODIC TABLE

PERIODIC TABLE

A periodic table, in chemistry,

the organized array of all the
chemical elements in order of
increasing atomic number.
EARLY 1860’S
 About 63 elements have been identified

 No organization to the elements

 Several scientists are trying to find a way to

organize the elements.
• Discovers pattern to
the elements in 1869

• Grouped similar
elements together

• Used properties like

• Density
• Appearance
• Melting point

DMITRI MENDELEEV
• Arranged elements in
order of increasing
atomic mass

• Discovered a repeating
pattern in the elements

• Predicted existence &

properties of elements not
yet discovered

• Created 1st periodic table

DMITRI MENDELEEV
 PERIODIC
 Happens at a regular
interval
 The pattern Mendeleev
 Days of the week are discovered repeated every
periodic. 7 elements.

 List 2 other examples of

events that happen
periodically.
 A PROBLEM WITH MENDELEEV’S TABLE

 Some element’s properties did not fit the pattern

in Mendeleev’s table.

 A solution is found in 1914 by Henry Moseley.

 Arranged the periodic table by atomic NUMBER
instead of atomic MASS.
 PERIODIC LAW

 The repeating chemical and physical properties of

elements change periodically with the elements’
atomic numbers
 METALS
 Make up most of the elements on the periodic
table
 Located on the LEFT side of the zigzag line
 Are usually SOLID at room temperature
 SHINY / MALLEABLE / DUCTILE
 GOOD CONDUCTORS of heat & electricity
 Outer energy levels contain FEW ELECTRONS
 NONMETALS
 Located on the RIGHT side of the zigzag line
 More than half are GASES at room temperature
 DULL in color
 BRITTLE
 POOR CONDUCTORS of heat & electricity
 Outer energy levels are ALMOST FULL or
FULL
 METALLOIDS
 Also called SEMICONDUCTORS

 Found BORDERING the zigzag line

 Outer energy levels are usually HALF FULL

 Have properties of BOTH METALS &

NONMETALS
DECODING THE PERIODIC TABLE
• Universal symbols

• 1 or 2 letters

• 1st letter: ALWAYS

capitalized

• 2nd letter: NEVER

capitalized

EVERY ELEMENT HAS A CHEMICAL SYMBOL

 REMEMBER THIS
1. Atomic Number = Number of Proton
2. Atomic Number = Number of Electron
3. Atomic Mass = Protons + Neutron
4. Atomic weight = average of (atomic mass x
abundance of isotope)
• Horizontal rows

• 7 periods

• Element properties
change as the
period moves
across table

PERIODS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE

• Vertical columns

• Also called
FAMILIES

• 18 groups

• All elements in a
group have:
- Similar properties
- Same number of
valence electrons

GROUPS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE

H, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe Inert gases
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, - Alkali Metals (Group 1)
Be , Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra - Alkaline Earth Metals (2)
B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, - Boron Group (3)
C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb – Carbon Group (4)
N, P, As, Sb, Bi – Nitrogen Group (5)
O, S, Se, Te, Po – Chalcogens (6)
Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine, Astatine Halogens (7)
B, Si, Ge, As, Te, At, Antinomy, Polonium Metalloids
 TUNGSTE
N

# of Neutron: 110
 GOLD

# of Protons: 79
 POTASSIUM

# of Electrons: 19