FACILITATING LEARNER-CENTERED

TEACHING
Module 8 & 9 March 10, 2024
Presented by:
Biason, Marlene
Campo, Shamyr
Capuno, Angely
Caputilla, Lanscap
Cuaresma, Evangeline
MODULE 8
Neo Behaviorism: Tolman and
Bandura

Objective:

● Explain Tolman’s purposive behaviorism.

● Explain Bandura’s social learning theory.
● Give specific applications of each theory in
teaching
Introduction
Tolman introduced the concept of cognitive maps and
purposive behaviorism, believing that learning is a cognitive
process involving forming beliefs and knowledge to achieve
goals. Bandura expanded on this with social learning
theory, positing that people can learn through observation of
models and the consequences of their behaviors. Key
concepts include reciprocal determinism between person,
environment, and behavior; attention and memory as
important for modeling; and reinforcement influencing the
expression of learned behaviors.
Behaviorism- focuses on external elements in learning
Cognitive Perspective\ Cognitivism - focused on more internal elements.
Neobehaviorism has aspects of behaviorism and also reaches out cognitive
perspective

Behaviorism + Cognitivism =Neo Behaviorism

Note: Behaviorism focuses on
external elements in learning
Cognitive Perspective focused on
more internal elements.
Neobehaviorism has aspects of
behaviorism and also reaches out
Neo Behaviorism
cognitive perspective

Tolman”s Bandura
Purposive Behaviorism Social -Learning Theory

Goal- Cognitive
Directedness Maps
Four Conditions
Principles Modeling For Effective
Intervening Modeling
Latent Learning
Variables
Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism
Purposive Behaviorism is a branch of Psychology that was introduced by Edward
Chace Tolman ( an American Psychologist - April 14, 1886- Nov.19, 1959). Tolman
believed that learning is a cognitive process and his form of behaviorism stressed the
relationships between stimuli rather than stimulus-response.
➢ referred as ‘Signed Learning Theory’ and often seen as the link between
behaviorism and cognitive theory.
➢ founded on 2 psychological views those of the Gestalt theory and those of John
Watson, the behavior theory.
➣ Tolman’s theory of learning is known for several names such as sign significance
theory, expectancy theory, purposive behaviorism or simply sign theory.
 Purposive
and Goal-
Intervening directed
variables
Tolman’s Key
Concepts of
Purposive
Behaviorism Cognitive
maps
Latent
learning
Reinforcement
not essential
for learning
Tolman’s Key Concept
Tolman’s Key Concept
Tolman’s Key Concept
Tolman’s Key Concept
Tolman’s Key Concept

Reinforcement not essential

in learning because he believe
that learning was a cognitive
process that could occur even
without external rewards or
punishment.
Bandura’s Social
Learning Theory
Albert Bandura's social learning theory
suggests that observation and modeling
play a primary role in how and why
people learn. Bandura's theory goes
beyond the perception of learning being
the result of direct experience with the Canadian-born American psychologist and originator of
social cognitive theory who is probably best known for
environment. his modeling study on aggression, referred to as the
“Bobo doll” experiment, which demonstrated that
children can learn behaviours through the observation
of adults.
General principles of social
learning theory

● Learn by observation

● Learning can occur without

a change in behavior

● Cognition plays a role in learning.

● SLT as a bridge between

behaviorist learning theories
and cognitive learning theories
3 FACTORS INFLUENCING BANDURA’S SLT - THE
“RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM”
Contemporary social
learning perspective of
reinforcement and
punishment
 Cognitive factors in social
learning
1. Learning without
performance
2. Cognitive process during
learning
3. Expectations
4. Reciprocal causation
5. Modeling (live
model;symbolic model)
Here are the
conditions
necessary for
effective
modeling to occur
Exercises:

Explain your understanding of Tolman’s purposive

behaviorism and how it differs to other theories when
it comes to the learning behavior of the students.

In Social learning theory, what are the 4 primary

conditions necessary for effective learning to occur
Unit 3.2 Cognitive Perspective

Module 9 Gestalt Psychology

● Examine the pictures

● How did you go about examining the pictures?
● Gestalt theory was the initial
cognitive response to behaviorism.
It emphasized the importance of
sensory wholes and the dynamic
nature of visual perception.
● Gestalt means “form” or
“configuration”
Gestalt Principles

● 1. Law of Proximity
● 2. Law of Similiraty
● 3. Law of Closure
● 4. Law of Good Continuation
● 5. Law of Good Pragnanz
● 6. Law of Figure/Ground
1. Law of proximity – Elements that are closer together will be perceived as a coherent object.

When we see elements that are randomly spaced

out, we see them as a seperate object

We perceive them as belonging together.

2. Law of Similarity – Elements that look similar will be perceived as part of the same form.
3. Law of Good Continuation – People tend to draw a good continues Line
4. Law of Good Pragnanz – The stimulus will be organized into as good a figure as possible, Good refers to simplicity
and regularity.
5. Law of Closure - we tend to fill the gaps or close the figures we
perceive.
6. Law of Figure/Ground – We tend to pay attention and perceive things in the foreground first.
Insight Learning

● The important aspect of learning was not

reinforcement, but the coordination of
thinking to create new organization (of
materials), Kohler referred to this behavior
as insight or discovery learning