MINE SURVEYING AND GIS

(HMIE 205)

INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)

(2023)

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 GIS AND THE FUTURE
 By 2025, it’s estimated that 463 exabytes of data will be created each
day globally.

 currently it is estimated that 90% of data produced can be

geographically referenced, thus there is need for systems that can
efficiently store, manage and manipulate this data.
 WHAT IS GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION?
 Information that is locational (spatial) and can be “mapped.”
 Typically involves:
 What (features, facilities, objects)
 Where (addresses, coordinates)

 Relationships (proximity, connectivity)

 What if (models, routes, surfaces)

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 WHAT IS GIS?
 GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating,
analyzing and displaying data related to positions on the Earth's surface (Stanford University,
2006).

 A GIS is a system of hardware, software and procedures to facilitate the management,

manipulation, analysis, modeling, representation and display of geo-referenced data to solve
complex problems regarding planning and management of resources (NCGIA,1990).

 Is a computerized system that facilitates the phases of data entry, data analysis and data
presentation (Rolf A. de By, 2004).

 GIS is a special case of information systems where the database consists of observations on
spatially distributed features, activities or events which are definable in space as points, lines
or areas. A geographic information system manipulates data about these points, lines and
areas to retrieve data for ad hoc queries and analyses (Duecker, 1979,p 106).
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 QUESTIONS A GIS CAN
ANSWER
 GIS enables you to better evaluate your data using cartographic
tools, to display information stored in your database.

 With its capabilities for spatial analysis, GIS can reveal hidden
patterns and relationships between data that aren’t readily apparent
in spreadsheets or statistical packages.

 Location - … Where is it?

 Condition - … What is it?

 Patterns - … How is it distributed?

 Trends - … What has changed since…?

 Modelling - … What if …? 5
GIS COMPONENTS

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 WHAT MAKES GIS UNIQUE?
 Links graphics (maps) with attributes (data).
 Map data organised into discrete layers
 Continuous spatial data (no map sheets).
 Automated analysis
 Enhances data sharing
 Modelling capabilities
 Generates varied products (maps, reports)

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 GIS DATA STRUCTURE
 Stacked map layers: Each layer
represents a unique phenomena and
these layers can be superimposed.
 Layer for terrain features (objects),
tunnels, ore body.
 A Layer is a group of homogenous
features (objects).

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SPATIAL DATA REPRESENTATION

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 1. VECTOR DATA MODEL
 Groups of coordinates define
the location and boundaries of
discrete objects, and these
coordinate data plus their
associated attributes are used
to create vector objects
representing the real-world
entities
 VECTOR DATA MODEL
 Point - Each point is stored by its location
(X, Y) together with the table attribute of this
point.
 For example, 4 points below has their
coordinate location in (X, Y) and each point
has attributes of deep and amount of water
contamination.

 Line- Each line is stored by the sequence of

first and last point together with the
associated table attribute of this line. For
example, three lines below (a, b and c) have
their first and last node to distinguish their
location and each line has attributes of flow
and capacity of the sewerage pipe.
 Notice that each node has coordinate (X, Y)
that is stored in another table.
 VECTOR DATA MODELS
 Polygon - Polygon is represented by a closed sequence of lines. Unlike line or poly-line
(sequence of line), polygon always closed. That is, the first point is equal to the last point.
 A polygon can be represented by a sequence of nodes where the last node is equal to the
first node.
 For example, polygon A below has its first and last node in node number 1 to settle its
location.
 Aside from location attributes, the polygon has associated attributes of area and bacterial
population. Notice that each node has coordinate (X, Y) that is stored in another table.

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 2. RASTER DATA MODEL
 Raster data models define
the world as a regular set
of cells in a grid pattern
 Typically these cells are
square and evenly spaced
in the x and y directions.
 RASTER DATA MODEL
 Continuous surfaces can be represented using the grid or raster data Model in
which a mesh of square cells is laid over the landscape and the value of the
variable defined for each cell.
 A raster dataset stores a two-dimensional matrix with sampled values for each
cell. Each cell has the same width and height

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VECTOR VS RASTER:
STAGES IN WORKING WITH SPATIAL DATA

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1. DATA ACQUISITION/CAPTURE
Data sources for a GIS
Paper maps
Digital files
Remotely sensed/satellite imagery
Aerial photography
Fieldwork
 GNSS
 Topographic surveys

 etc.

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 1. DATA
ACQUISITION/CAPTURE
Data sources for GIS
 Paper maps, Digital files, Remotely sensed/satellite imagery, Aerial photography,
Fieldwork

Attribute data Raster data

Vector data

-Terrain -Alpha- numerical -Satellite Imagery

Measurements Input -scanner
-Aerial-photo -Existing Attribute
Interpretation data
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-Digitisation
 SPATIAL DATA CAPTURE AND PREPARATION
Method Devices
Manual digitizing • Coordinate entry via keyboard
• Digitizing tablet with cursor
• Mouse cursor on the computer (heads-up
digitizing)

Automatic digitizing • scanner

Semi-automatic digitizing • scanner

• Line following software

Input of available digital data • CD-ROD or DVD-ROM

• Via computer network or internet
(including geo-webservices)

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5. PRODUCT GENERATION (DATA PRESENTATION)
Method Devices
Hard copy • Printer
• Plotter (pen plotter, ink-jet printer, thermal
transfer printer, electrostatic plotter)
• Film writer

Soft copy • Computer screen

Output of digital data sets • Magnetic tape

• CD-ROM, DVD-ROM
The internet (incl. web-services)

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 BENEFITS OF A GIS
 Geospatial data is better maintained in a standard format.

 Revision and updating become easier.

 Search, analysis and representation is easier.

 More value added products

 Data can be shared and exchanged (capture once and use many times).

 Time and cost saving

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 Decisions can be made easily
 APPLICATION OF GIS
Mining
 3D mine modeling
 Monitoring environmental impacts
 Volume calculations
 Plan preparation

Environmental science
 Monitoring environmental risk
 Modeling storm-water runoff
 Environmental impact assessment
 Ground water modeling etc..
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 APPLICATION OF GIS
Civil engineering  Education Administration
 Locating underground facilities  Attendance area maintenance
 Coordination of infrastructure  Enrollment projections
maintenance  School bus routing
 Designing alignment of roads

Real estate
Political science  Neighbourhood land prices
 Redistricting  Traffic impact analysis
 Analysis of election results  Determination of highest and best use
 Predictive modelling (suitability analysis)

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