The Cell

Cycle
1
Cell Cycle

2
3 STAGES OF INTERPHASE

3
Interphase - G1 Stage

1st growth stage after cell

division
Cells mature or grow by making
more cytoplasm & organelles
Cell carries on its normal
metabolic activities

4
 Interphase – S Stage
Synthesis stage
DNA is copied or replicated/
replicated

Two
identical
copies
of DNA

Original
DNA 5
 Interphase – G2 Stage
2nd Growth Stage
Occurs after DNA has been copied
The cell furnishes its energy stores
and incorporate proteins required
for chromosome manipulation

6
 Sketch the Cell Cycle

DNA Copied
Cells prepare for
Cells Division
Mature

Daughter
Cells
Cell Divides into
Identical cells
7
TWO TYPES OF CELL DIVISION

1.MITOSIS
2.MEIOSIS
8
Mitosis

9
 Mitosis

Also called karyokinesis

Only occurs in eukaryotes
Has four stages
Doesn’t occur in some cells such as
brain cells

10
 Four Mitotic Stages

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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12
 Prophase

What the cell

looks like

What’s happening 13
 Metaphase
Chromosomes, attached to the
kinetochore fibers, move to the center
of the cell
Chromosomes are now lined up at the
equator Equator of Cell

Pole of
the Cell

14
15
 Review of Metaphase

What the cell looks

like

What’s
occurring
16
 Anaphase
Occurs rapidly
Sister
chromatids are
pulled apart to
opposite poles
of the cell by
kinetochore
fibers

17
18
 Telophase
Sister chromatids at opposite
poles
Spindle disassembles
Nuclear envelope forms around
each set of sister chromatids
Nucleolus reappears
CYTOKINESIS occurs

19
20
Comparison of Anaphase & Telophase

21
 Cytokinesis
Means division of the cytoplasm
Division of cell into two,
identical halves called daughter
cells

22
Mitotic Stages

23
 Daughter Cells of Mitosis
Have the same number of
chromosomes as each other and as
the parent cell from which they
were formed
Identical to each other, but smaller
than parent cell
Must grow in size to become mature
cells (G1 of Interphase)

24
Identical Daughter Cells

What is
the 2n
or
diploid
number?
2

Chromosome number the same, but cells

smaller than parent cell
25
 Uncontrolled Mitosis
 If mitosis is not
controlled, unlimited
cell division occurs
causing cancerous
tumors
 Oncogenes are special
proteins that
increase the chance
that a normal cell
develops into a tumor
cell
Cancer cells
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 Meiosis
Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)

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 Facts About Meiosis
Preceded by interphase which
includes chromosome replication
Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis
I and Meiosis II
Called Reduction- division
Original cell is diploid (2n)
Four daughter cells produced that
are monoploid (1n)
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 Facts About Meiosis
Daughter cells contain half the
number of chromosomes as the
original cell
Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
Occurs in the ovaries in females
(Oogenesis)

29
 More Meiosis Facts
 Startwith 46 double stranded
chromosomes (2n)
After 1 division - 23 double
stranded chromosomes (n)
After 2nd division - 23 single
stranded chromosomes (n)
 Occurs in our germ cells that

produce gametes

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Why Do we Need Meiosis?
It is the fundamental basis of
sexual reproduction
Two haploid (1n) gametes are
brought together through
fertilization to form a diploid
(2n) zygote

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Fertilization – “Putting it
all together”
2n = 6

1n =3

32
 Meiosis: Two Part Cell
Division
Sister
chromatids
Homologs separate
separate

Meiosis Meiosis
I II

Diploid
Diploid
Haploid
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 Meiosis I: Reduction Division

Nucleus Spindle
fibers Nuclear
Early envelope
Prophase I Late Metaphase
(Chromosome Prophase I Anaphase Telophase I
number I I (diploid)
doubled)

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 Prophase I

Early prophase Late prophase

Homologs pair. Chromosomes condense.
Crossing over Spindle forms.
occurs. Nuclear envelope
fragments.
35
 Crossing-Over

Crossing-over multiplies the already huge

number of different gamete types
produced by independent assortment 36
Metaphase I

Homologous pairs
of chromosomes
align along the
equator of the
cell

37
Anaphase I

Homologs separate and

move to opposite poles.

Sister chromatids remain

attached at their
centromeres.

38
Telophase I

Nuclear envelopes
reassemble.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell

into two.

39
 Meiosis II: Reducing
Chromosome Number

Prophase Metaphase
II II Telophase
Anaphase II 4 Identical
II haploid cells

40
Prophase II

Nuclear envelope
fragments.

Spindle forms.

41
Metaphase II

Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.

42
 Anaphase II
Equator

Pole

Sister chromatids
separate and
move to opposite
poles.

43
Telophase II

Nuclear envelope
assembles.

Chromosomes
decondense.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides
cell into two.
44
Results of Meiosis
Gametes (egg & sperm)
form

Four haploid cells with

one copy of each
chromosome

One allele of each gene

Different combinations of
alleles for different
genes along the
chromosome
45
Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
or
Spermatogenesis

46
 Spermatogenesis
 Occurs in the
testes
 Two divisions
produce 4
spermatids
 Spermatids mature
into sperm
 Men produce about
250,000,000
sperm per day
47
Spermatogenesis in the
Testes
Spermatid

48
 Oogenesis
Occurs in the ovaries
Two divisions produce 3 polar bodies
that die and 1 egg
Polar bodies die because of unequal
division of cytoplasm
Immature egg called oocyte
Starting at puberty, one oocyte
matures into an ovum (egg) every 28
days
49
Oogenesis in the Ovaries

50
Comparing
Mitosis and
Meiosis

51
 Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of 2
1
divisions
Number of
2 4
daughter cells
Genetically
Yes No
identical?
Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent

Where Somatic cells Germ cells

When Throughout life At sexual maturity
Growth and
Role Sexual reproduction
repair 52
WHEN SOMETHING
GOES WRONG
DURING MEIOSIS
53
 Down’s Syndrome

-47 chromosomes
- Name after Dr. Langdon Down 54
 Cri du chat syndrome

-41 chromosomes
- French for cat’s cry 55
 Patau syndrome

-59 chromosomes
- Cleft lip or palate, clenched hands 56
 Several drugs may cause breaks or
other abnormalities in the chromosomes.
-Chlorpromazine (tranquilizer)
-Diphenhydramine (antihistamine)
-Lysergic acid diethylamide or LSD (a
hallucinogen)

57