SUPRAVITAL STAIN

• Supravital stain dyes used to stain living cells or

tissues, allowing for the observation of cellular
structures or functions without causing cell death.
• They’re commonly used in hematology to visualize
blood cells, such as red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets, under a microscope.
• Crystal violet, methylene blue
M:E ratio
• The myeloid-to-erythroid ratio (M:E ratio) is a measure
used in hematological analysis to assess the balance
between myeloid and erythroid cells in the bone marrow.
• It indicates whether there is an imbalance in the
production of these types of blood cells.
Basophilic Stippling.
• Basophilic stippling refers to the presence of small, blue-
staining granules in red blood cells when viewed under a
microscope.
• It can indicate certain conditions like lead poisoning or
thalassemia.
Hemo parasite
• Hemoparasites are parasites that live and reproduce
within the blood of their host organisms. They can include
various types of protozoa, such as malaria parasites, and
certain types of worms.
MDS
• Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of
disorders characterized by abnormal production and
development of blood cells in the bone marrow.
• This leads to insufficient or dysfunctional blood cells,
causing symptoms like anemia, infections, and bleeding.
Exudate & transudat
• Exudate is fluid rich in protein and cells, often caused by
inflammation or infection.
• Transudate is fluid with low protein content, usually due
to increased pressure or fluid imbalance.
Crystal in liver disorder
• Crystals in liver disorders can include various types, such as
cholesterol crystals in cholesterolosis, bilirubin crystals in
bile duct obstruction, or calcium bilirubinate crystals in bile
stasis.
• They can indicate different liver conditions and may be
observed during microscopic examination of liver tissue.
Presence of silver nitrate
• The presence of urine nitrite indicates the possible
presence of bacteria in the urinary tract. It’s a common
sign of urinary tract infection (UTI).
Kleihauer test
• Kleihauer preparation is a laboratory test used to detect fetal
red blood cells in maternal blood.
• It’s commonly performed to assess the extent of fetal-
maternal hemorrhage, especially in cases of trauma, placental
abruption, or prenatal procedures .
Schillings test
• The Schilling test is a diagnostic test used to evaluate the
absorption of vitamin B12 in the digestive system.
• It helps diagnose pernicious anemia and other conditions
affecting vitamin B12 absorption.
Bence Jones proteins: Abnormal proteins found in the
urine, often associated with multiple myeloma.
• 2. Casts in urine: Cylindrical structures formed from
protein deposits in the kidney tubules, indicating kidney
disease.
3. Perl’s stain: A staining method used to detect iron
deposits in tissues, helpful in diagnosing conditions like
iron overload or hemochromatosis.
• 4. Occult blood in stool: Blood that is not visible to the
naked eye but is detectable through chemical tests, often
indicating gastrointestinal bleeding
5. Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC): A method for detecting
and quantifying blood parasites, such as malaria, by
centrifuging a blood sample and examining the buffy coat
layer.
6. LE cell: A type of white blood cell with phagocytosed
nuclear material, seen in autoimmune diseases like lupus
erythematosus.
• 7. Drabkin’s reagent: A reagent used to measure
hemoglobin concentration in blood samples, commonly
used in laboratory tests like the cyanmethemoglobin
method.
Chemical analysis of pleural fluid
levels: Elevated protein levels can indicate conditions like infection,
1. Protein
inflammation, or malignancy.
2. Glucose levels: Decreased glucose levels may suggest bacterial infection, while
normal or elevated levels are seen in non-infectious conditions.
3. pH: Acidic pH may indicate infection, while alkaline pH can suggest
conditions like esophageal rupture or pancreatitis.
4. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): Elevated LDH levels are associated with
various pathological conditions, including infection, inflammation, and
malignancy.
5. Amylase: Increased levels of amylase may indicate pancreatitis or esophageal
rupture, especially in cases of pleural effusion secondary to these conditions.
• Howell-Jolly bodies
are small, round, dark-staining fragments found within red blood cells.
They are remnants of the cell nucleus that should normally be removed
during the maturation process in the bone marrow. The presence of
Howell-Jolly bodies may indicate reduced spleen function or certain
blood disorders.
• The Benzidine test
• is a chemical test used to detect the presence of blood. It
involves mixing a suspected sample with benzidine
solution. If blood is present, the solution turns blue-green.
• Fibrin degradation products (FDPs) are small protein
fragments formed when the body breaks down blood
clots.
• They are produced during the degradation of fibrin, a
protein involved in blood clotting.
• Elevated levels of FDPs in the blood can indicate excessive
clot formation or breakdown, and are often seen in
conditions such as disseminated intravascular coagulation
(DIC), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), or pulmonary
embolism.
Bernard soulier syndrome
• Bernard-Soulier syndrome is a rare inherited bleeding
disorder characterized by a deficiency or dysfunction of a
protein complex on the surface of platelets, known as the
glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex.
• This leads to impaired platelet adhesion, resulting in
prolonged bleeding time, easy bruising, and nosebleeds.
Pandys test
• The Pandys test is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis used to
diagnose Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and other neurological
conditions.
• It involves examining CSF for an elevated protein level without a
corresponding increase in white blood cells, known as
albuminocytologic dissociation.
• This finding supports the diagnosis of GBS, which is characterized by
immune-mediated damage to peripheral nerves.
Ham’s test
• The Ham’s test, also known as the acidified serum lysis
test, is used to diagnose paroxysmal nocturnal
hemoglobinuria (PNH), a rare blood disorder. It involves
incubating the patient’s red blood cells with acidified
serum.
• If the patient has PNH, their red blood cells will be lysed
(destroyed) due to sensitivity to complement, a part of the
immune system.