OPERARATING SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUALISATION

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What is Virtualization
• Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual (rather than actual)
version of something, such as a server, storage device, network or
even an operating system.
• In computing, virtualization typically refers to the creation of virtual
instances of computer resources, such as virtual machines (VMs),
virtual storage devices, or virtual networks.

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Benefit of Virtualization
• Virtualization offers several benefits, including increased efficiency,
better resource utilization, easier management and provisioning of
resources, improved disaster recovery, and cost savings through
consolidation of hardware.
• Minimum downtime, application and OS crash cases can be neglected
by running multiple VMs with the same OS.
• Time management , setting up whole server from scratch can be
avoided by using sufficient hardware device for virtualization.

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Types of Virtualization
• Server Virtualization: Running multiple virtual servers on a single
physical server.
• Storage Virtualization: Pooling physical storage from multiple
network storage devices into what appears to be a single storage
device.
• Network Virtualization: Creating virtualized network components
such as switches, routers, and firewalls.
• Desktop Virtualization: Running desktop operating systems and
applications on a centralized server, with access from client devices.

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What is a host in virtualization
• In virtualization, the term "host" often refers to the physical machine
or server on which the virtualization software, such as a hypervisor, is
installed.
• The host system provides the underlying hardware resources (CPU,
memory, storage, networking, etc.) that are then abstracted and
shared among virtual machines (VMs).
• The host manages the virtualization environment, including the
creation, provisioning, and management of virtual machines.

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What is node in Virtualization
• In the context of virtualization, "node" can refer to either a physical
host machine or a virtual machine instance, depending on the specific
virtualization architecture being discussed.
• In some virtualization setups, particularly in distributed or clustered
environments, the term "node" may be used to refer to individual
physical hosts within the cluster.
• In other cases, especially in cloud computing environments, "node"
might refer to virtual instances running on the host machines.

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Cont’d
To summarize, in virtualization:

• Host typically refers to the physical machine that hosts virtual

machines and provides resources for their operation.
• Node can refer to either the physical host machine itself or the virtual
instances running on it, depending on the context of the virtualization
architecture or deployment scenario.

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Does virtualization has limit
• Performance Overhead: Virtualization introduces some performance
overhead due to the additional layer of abstraction between the hardware and
the virtualized operating systems.

• Resource Allocation: Virtualization relies on the underlying physical hardware

for resource allocation. If the physical hardware is not properly allocated or
lacks resources, it can affect the performance of virtualized systems.

• Compatibility Issues: Certain hardware devices or software applications may

not be compatible with virtualization, leading to limitations in what can be
virtualized.
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Cont’d
• Security Concerns: Virtualization can introduce new security risks, such as
vulnerabilities in the hypervisor or guest VMs, if not properly configured or
secured.

• Complexity: Managing virtualized environments can be complex, especially

when dealing with a large number of virtual machines (VMs) and the
associated networking and storage configurations.

• Licensing Costs: Some software licenses may be based on physical

hardware, which can lead to additional licensing costs when virtualizing
multiple instances of the software.
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Cont’d
• Performance Isolation: While virtualization aims to provide isolation between
virtual machines, there can still be performance interference between VMs
running on the same physical hardware.
• Limited Support for Certain Workloads: Certain workloads, such as those
requiring direct hardware access or high-performance computing, may not be
well-suited for virtualization.
• Backup and Disaster Recovery: Implementing backup and disaster recovery
solutions for virtualized environments can be more complex compared to
physical environments.
• Overhead of Management: While virtualization can offer benefits in terms of
resource utilization and flexibility, it also requires additional management
overhead, including monitoring, maintenance, and troubleshooting.
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Hypervisor
• A hypervisor, also known as a Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM), is
software that enables the creation and management of virtual
machines.
• It sits between the hardware and the virtual machines, allocating
resources and managing access to hardware resources.
• Hypervisor acts as an interface between VM and physical hardware to
insure proper access to the resources needed to working .

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Structure

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Types of hypervisor
Type-1 hypervisor
A Type-1 hypervisor, also known as a bare-metal hypervisor, is a
virtualization technology that runs directly on the physical hardware of
a computer system.
Unlike Type-2 hypervisors, which run atop a host operating system,
Type-1 hypervisors have direct access to the underlying hardware
resources. This allows them to efficiently allocate resources and
manage multiple guest operating systems (virtual machines)
simultaneously.

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Cont’d
• Type-1 hypervisors are commonly used in enterprise environments
and data centers where high performance, scalability, and security are
crucial.
• Examples of Type-1 hypervisors include VMware ESXi, Microsoft
Hyper-V Server, and Xen.
• These hypervisors typically provide advanced features such as live
migration, high availability, and resource scheduling to optimize the
utilization of hardware resources while ensuring minimal downtime
for virtualized workloads.

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