HUYNDAI

TUCSON

Người trình bày :Nguyễn Tuấn Khanh

Nguyễn Ngọc Nam Anh
Phan Trung Dũng
I. Giới thiệu đôi chút về dòng xe
• Tucson là mẫu xe
SUV hạng C có tính
đa dụng, tiện nghi và
sang trọng nhất ở thị
trường Việt Nam, kết
hợp sự năng động,
mạnh mẽ đặc trưng
của dòng xe SUV
cùng không gian sang
trọng, tiện nghi, ứng
dụng nhiều công
nghệ hiện đại tạo nên
chuẩn mực mới trong
phân khúc SUV.
II. Bố trí tuyến hình
II. Bố trí tuyến hình
 III. - Basic dimensions of the car:
Ordinal number Parameter Symbol Dimension
1 Total length L0 4630
2 Total width B0 1865
3 Total height H0 1695
4 Wheelbase L 2755
5 Front track B1
6 Rear track B2
7 Ground clearance H1 181
8 Approach angle γ1 26.6
9 Departure angle γ2 30.4
Bảng 1.1. Các thông số cơ bản
10 Maximum speed Vmax 230
III.Thông số đầu vào
3.1 )Thông số theo thiết kế phác thảo

- Engine type: 2.0L I4 Smartstream naturally aspirated

gasoline engine
- Displacement: Vc = 1999 (cc)

- Maximum power: Pmax = 156 (horsepower)

- nN: 6200 (rpm) (revolutions per minute)

- Maximum torque: Mmax = 192 (Nm)

- Maximum speed: Vmax = 230(km/h) = 63,9 (m/s)

- Power transmission system:
 Front – mounted engine, front – wheel drive

 6 – speed automatic transmission

III.Thông số đầu vào
3.2 Thông số chọn

- Self weight: 1576kg

- Passenger weight: 60kg/ person
- Luggage weight: 20kg/ person
- Power transmission efficiency: 0,95
- Air resistance coefficient: K = 0,18
- Rolling resistance coefficient when V < 22 m/s is f 0 = 0,01
III.Thông số đầu vào
1.2.3 Calculation criteria
- Coefficient of road surface friction corresponding to Vmax
𝑉𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 2
𝑓 = 𝑓0 ∗ ቀ1 + ቁ (1.1)
1500

63,92
- 𝑓 = 0,01 ∗ ൬
1+ ൰= 0,037
1500

- Wheel radius:
225: 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 (𝑚𝑚)
𝐻
Có kí hiệu: 225/55R18 ⇒ ቐ 55: 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (%)
𝐵
18: 𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 (𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ)
𝐻
- = 55% ⇒ H = 225 ∗ 55% = 123,75 ሺmmሻ
𝐵

- Design radius of the wheel:

18
r0 = 123,75 + ∗ 25,4 = 352,35 (mm) = 0,35 (m)
2
- Dynamic and kinematic radius of the wheel:

rb = rk = λ r0
(1.2)

Where λ represents the factor accounting for tire

deformation (λ = 0,930,95)

Choosing a high pressure tire with λ = 0,93 rbx = rk = 0,93 *

0,35 = 0,325 (m)

- Frontal area:

F = 0,7 B0 H0 = 1,8 (m2)

- Wheel formula: 4x2

III.Thông số đầu vào
1. Determining the weight and weight distribution
on the car
- Vehicle: Hyundai Tucson 2.0 special version with 5 seats:
- Curb weight (Vehicle own’s weight): G0 = 1576 (kg)
- Payload (Cargo, luggage,..): Gh = 20 (kg)
- Weight:

G – Curb weight

n – number of people (n=5)

G = G0 + n.(A + Gh)
A – Weight of each person

Gh – Weight of luggage
- G = 1576 + 5.(60 + 20) = 1976 (kg)
 So the total weight of the vehicle: G = 1976 (kg) = 19760 (N)
 Weight distribution: the load weight of the car acting on the front axle (G 1) accounts for (55% ÷
65%).G
 Choose G1 = 60%G
o G1 = 60% . 1976 = 1185,6 (kg) = 11856 (N)
o G2 = 40% . 1976 = 790,4 (kg) = 7904 (N)
- So G1 = 11856 (N); G2 = 7904 (N)
 IV.Xây dựng đường đặc tính ngoài của
động cơ
- The external speed characteristics curve of the engine represents relationship between power,
torque and fuel consumption of the engine according to the engine’s rotational speed. These
characteristic curves include:
 Power curve: Ne = f(ne)
 Torque curve: Me = f(ne)
 Fuel consumption curve: g e = f(ne)
𝑤𝑒 𝑣 𝑤𝑒 𝑣 2 𝑤𝑒 𝑣 3
Ne = (Ne)max . ൤𝑎. ቀ ቁ + 𝑏. ቀ ቁ − 𝑐. ቀ ቁ ൨ (2.1)
𝑤𝑒𝑁 𝑤𝑒𝑁 𝑤𝑒𝑁
wev
- Set λ = . For an unrestricted – speed gasoline engine
weN

- Choose λ = 1 (for gasoline engine)

𝑁𝑒 𝑣 𝑁𝑒 𝑣
(Ne)max = 2 3 = (2.2)
𝑤 𝑒𝑣 𝑤 𝑒𝑣 𝑤 𝑎 .λ +𝑏 .λ 2 −𝑐 .λ 3
𝑎 .൬ ൰+𝑏 .൬ ൰ −𝑐 .൬ 𝑒 𝑣 ൰
𝑤 𝑒𝑁 𝑤 𝑒𝑁 𝑤 𝑒𝑁

- Gasoline engine: a = b = c = 1 (a, b, c are the experimental coefficients)

1
Nev = .ሾ𝐺. 𝑓. 𝑣𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝐾. 𝐹. ሺ𝑣𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 ሻ3 ሿ (2.3)
ƞ𝑡 𝑙

- G = 1976 (kg) = 19760 (N)

 IV. Xây dựng đường đặc tính ngoài của động cơ

- Vmax = 230 (km/h) = 63,9 (m/s) > 22 (m/s). So the rolling resistance coefficient f is caculated as:
𝑉𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 2 63,92
𝑓 = 𝑓0 ∗ ቀ1 + ቁ ⇒ f = 0,01 . ቀ1 + ቁ = 0,0372
1500 1500

Where:
- K – Air resistance coefficient (K = 0,18)
- F – Frontal area
- ηtl – Power transmission efficiency (ηtl = 0,95)

- max – Total coefficient of road resistance (max = 0,4)

1
- Nev = . ሾ19760 . 0,0372 . 63,9 + 0,18 . 1,8 . ሺ63,9ሻ3 ሿ= 138458,2 (W)
0,95

- So the engine power under the motion resistance condition is:

Nev = 138,458 (kW)

 IV. Xây dựng đường đặc tính ngoài của động cơ

- Maximum engine power:

(2.2) ⇒ Nemax = 138,458 (kW)

- Developing external speed characteristic curve:
- Determining the engine power at diffirent rotational speeds (using the Laydecman formula)

(2.1) ⇒ Ne = (Ne)max .ሾ𝑎. λ + 𝑏. λ2 − 𝑐. λ3 ሿ(kW)

Where:
- Nemax and wemax represents the maximum power of the engine and the corresponding speed
- Ne and we represents the power and speed at a specific point on the characteristic curve
- Calculating the torque of the engine crankshaft at different speeds (RPMs)
𝑁𝑒𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 𝑤 𝑒2
Me = .(1 + − ) (Nm) (2.4)
𝑤 𝑒𝑁 𝑤 𝑒𝑁 𝑤 𝑒𝑁 2

- Creating a table:
o The parameters we, Ne, Me have their calculation formulas
o The calculated results are recorded in the table
IV.Xây dựng đường đặc tính ngoài của động cơ
Table 1: the table shows the engine torque and power

we 125,6 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360

Me 255,7508 268,3283 270,6539 272,5322 273,9634 274,9473 275,4839 275,5734 275,2156 274,4106

Ne 32,1223 53,6657 59,5439 65,4077 71,2305 76,9852 82,6452 88,1835 93,5733 98,7878

380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560
273,16 271, 269, 266, 263, 260, 256, 251, 247, 241,
46 31 72 68 19 25 87 04 76
103,80 108, 113, 117, 121, 124, 128, 130, 133, 135,
58 11 35 29 89 13 97 40 39

580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760
236,0384 229,8666 223,2476 216,1814 208,6680 200,7073 192,2994 183,4443 174,1419 164,3923

136,9023 137,9200 138,4135 138,3561 137,7209 136,4810 134,6096 132,0799 128,8650 124,9382
Development of the engine’s external speed characteristics

After performing calculations and data processing, we have developed the

external speed characteristic curve with engine power N e (kW) and torque Me (Nm):

External speed characteristic curve

300 160
140
250
120
200
100
150 80
60
100
40
50
20
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Me Ne

Firgue 1: External speed characteristic curve graph of the engine

 Development of the engine’s external speed characteristics
- Comments:
- The maximum Me value is determined according to the Laydecman formula as follows:

Starting from the formula

𝑁𝑒 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑒 2
Me = ൤𝑎 + 𝑏 ∗ −𝑐∗ቀ ቁ ൨ (2.5)
𝑤𝑒𝑁 𝑤𝑒𝑁 𝑤𝑒𝑁

𝑑𝑁𝑒 𝑁𝑒𝑚 𝑎𝑥 1 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑏
= ൤𝑏 ∗ − 2𝑐 ∗ 2
൨⇒ = = 0,5
𝑑𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑁 𝑤𝑒𝑁 𝑤𝑒𝑁 𝑤𝑒𝑁 2𝑐

𝑁𝑒 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏2 138458,2 12
⇒ Memax= ቀ𝑎 + ቁ= ቀ1 + ቁ = 275,59 (Nm)
𝑤𝑒𝑁 4𝑐 628 4

The Nemax power value above only represents the portion of engine power used to
overcome motion resistance. To select an engine for an automobile, additional power is
needed to overcome additional resistances such as fans, air compressors,...Therefore, the
maximum power must be chosen

Nemax = 1,1∗Nemax = 1,1*262,81 = 289,09 (Nm)

 IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
- Transmission ratio of the power transmission system:

itl = i0 . ih . ic . ip (2.6)

Where:

 itl – transmission ratio of the power transmission system

 i0 – transmission ratio of the main power transmission

 ih – transmission ratio of the gearbox

 ic – transmission ratio of the final power transmission

 ip – transmission ratio of the auxiliary gearbox

Typically ic = 1; ip = 1
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
This is determined to ensure the car operates at its highest speed in the top gear of the gearbox

- We have the equation:

i0 = (2.7)

Where:

 rbx = 0,325 (m)

 nemax : engine speed when the car reaches its maximum speed

 vmax = 63,9 (m/s): maximum speed of the car

 ihc = 1: transmission ratio of the highest gear in the gearbox

 ipc = 1: transmission ratio of the main distribution gearbox

 i0 =
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
- Transmission ratio of gear 1:

The transmission of gear 1 is determined to ensure the car can overcome maximum road resistance without wheel
slip under all driving conditions

Under driving conditions, we have:

Pk max Pψ max + Pw

Where:

 Pk max – Maximum traction force of the engine

 Pψ max – Total road resistance force

 Pw – air resistance force

IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
- When the vehicle is operating in first gear, the speed is low. This allow us to disregard the air
resistance force Pw

Pk max = (2.8)

 = = 3,0718

- On the other hand, Pkmax is also limited by the traction condition between the wheels and the road surface

Pk max Pφ = Gφφ

 Gφφ

IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
- Where:

 Gφ – Load acting on the driving axle

 φ – Coefficent of the road adhesion (φ = 0,7)
 rbx – Average working radius of the wheels
 = 3,22
 ih1 = 3,0718
 IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô

- The transmission ratio of the gear stages in the gear box is chosen according to the ‘geometric progression’
principle
- The multiplication factor is determined by the equation:

q= (2.9)

Where:

 n: Number or gear stages in the gearbox (n=6)

 ih1: Transmission ratio of gear 1
 ihn: Transmission ratio of the last gear in the gearbox (i h6 = 1)
 q = = 1,25
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
- The transmission ratio of the i-th gear stage in the gearbox is determined by the following formula:
ihi = = (2.10)

Where:

 ihi – Transmission ratio of the i-th gear stage in the gearbox (i = 1; 2;…; n-1)
- With these formulas, we can determine the transmission ratio of each gear stage:
 Transmission ratio of gear stage 2: ih2 = = = 2,4542
 Transmission ratio of gear stage 3: ih3 = = = 1,9608
 Transmission ratio of gear stage 4: ih4 = = = 1,5666
 Transmission ratio of gear stage 5: ih5 = = = 1,2516
 Transmission ratio of gear stage 6: ih6 = = = 1
- Reverse transmission ratio: ie = 1,2 ih1 = 1,23,0718 = 3,686

Verify the reverse transmission ratio according to the traction condition:

IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
The transmission ratios corresponding to each gear are shown in the table below:

Gear 1 2 3 4 5 6 Reverse
Transmission ratio 3,0718 2,4542 1,9608 1,5666 1,2516 1 3,686
 IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
- The equation for the vehicle’s traction force balance:

Pk = P f + P i + P j + P w (2.11)

Where:

 Pk – Traction force of the vehicle

Pk =

 Pf – Rolling resistance force: Pf = G.f = G.f

 Pi – Hill climbing resistance force: Pi = G = 0
 Pj – Inertial force (occurs when the vehicle is in unstable motion
Pj = j

 Pw – Air resistance force: Pw = K.F.v2

- Speed correspoding to each gear:

(m/s) (2.12)

Create a table to calculate Pk using these formula for each transmission ratio:

V1 4,1604 6,6248 7,2873 7,9498 8,6123 9,2748 9,9373 10,5998 11,2622 11,9247
Pk1 7334,91 7695,63 7762,33 7816,20 7857,25 7885,47 7900,86 7903,42 7893,16 7870,07

12,5872 13,2497 13,9122 14,5747 15,2371 15,8996 16,5621 17,2246 17,8871 18,5496
7834,16 7785,42 7723,85 7649,46 7562,24 7462,19 7349,32 7223,62 7085,09 6933,74

19,2120 19,8745 20,5370 21,1995 21,8620 22,5245 23,1870 23,8494 24,5119 25,1744
6769,56 6592,56 6402,72 6200,07 5984,58 5756,27 5515,13 5261,17 4994,38 4714,76

V2 5,2073 8,2919 9,1211 9,9503 10,7795 11,6087 12,4379 13,2671 14,0963 14,9254
Pk2 5860,25 6148,44 6201,73 6244,77 6277,57 6300,11 6312,41 6314,46 6306,26 6287,81

15,7546 16,5838 17,4130 18,2422 19,0714 19,9006 20,7298 21,5590 22,3882 23,2174
6259,12 6220,18 6170,99 6111,55 6041,87 5961,94 5871,76 5771,33 5660,65 5539,73

24,0465 24,8757 25,7049 26,5341 27,3633 28,1925 29,0217 29,8509 30,6801 31,5093
5408,56 5267,14 5115,47 4953,56 4781,40 4598,99 4406,33 4203,42 3990,27 3766,87
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
V3 6,5177 10,3785 11,4163 12,4542 13,4920 14,5299 15,5677 16,6056 17,6434 18,6813
Pk3 4682,06 4912,31 4954,89 4989,28 5015,48 5033,49 5043,31 5044,95 5038,40 5023,66

19,7191 20,7570 21,7948 22,8327 23,8705 24,9084 25,9462 26,9841 28,0219 29,0598
5000,74 4969,63 4930,33 4882,84 4827,16 4763,30 4691,25 4611,02 4522,59 4425,98

30,0976 31,1354 32,1733 33,2111 34,2490 35,2868 36,3247 37,3625 38,4004 39,4382
4321,18 4208,19 4087,02 3957,66 3820,11 3674,37 3520,45 3358,33 3188,03 3009,55

V4 8,1578 12,9901 14,2891 15,5881 16,8871 18,1862 19,4852 20,7842 22,0832 23,3822
Pk4 3740,74 3924,71 3958,72 3986,19 4007,13 4021,52 4029,37 4030,68 4025,44 4013,67

24,6812 25,9802 27,2792 28,5783 29,8773 31,1763 32,4753 33,7743 35,0733 36,3723
3995,35 3970,50 3939,10 3901,16 3856,67 3805,65 3748,09 3683,98 3613,33 3536,15

37,6713 38,9703 40,2694 41,5684 42,8674 44,1664 45,4654 46,7644 48,0634 49,3624
3452,42 3362,15 3265,33 3161,98 3052,08 2935,65 2812,67 2683,15 2547,09 2404,49
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
V5 10,2106 16,2589 17,8848 19,5107 21,1366 22,7625 24,3884 26,0143 27,6402 29,2661

Pk5 2988,67 3135,65 3162,83 3184,78 3201,50 3213,00 3219,27 3220,32 3216,14 3206,73

30,8920 32,5179 34,1438 35,7697 37,3956 39,0214 40,6473 42,2732 43,8991 45,5250
3192,10 3172,24 3147,15 3116,84 3081,30 3040,53 2994,54 2943,33 2886,88 2825,21

47,1509 48,7768 50,4027 52,0286 53,6545 55,2804 56,9063 58,5322 60,1581 61,7840
2758,32 2686,19 2608,85 2526,27 2438,47 2345,44 2247,19 2143,71 2035,00 1921,07

V6 12,7800 20,3503 22,3854 24,4204 26,4554 28,4904 30,5255 32,5605 34,5955 36,6306

Pk6 2387,81 2505,24 2526,95 2544,49 2557,85 2567,03 2572,05 2572,88 2569,54 2562,02

38,6656 40,7006 42,7357 44,7707 46,8057 48,8408 50,8758 52,9108 54,9459 56,9809
2550,33 2534,47 2514,42 2490,21 2461,81 2429,24 2392,50 2351,58 2306,48 2257,21

59,0159 61,0510 63,0860 65,1210 67,1561 69,1911 71,2261 73,2611 75,2962 77,3312
2203,76 2146,14 2084,34 2018,37 1948,22 1873,90 1795,40 1712,72 1625,87 1534,84

Table 2: The table shows traction force and speed for each gear
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
- Equation for drag force balance Pc:
Pc = Pf + P w

Considering a vehicle moving on a level road without wind

Pc = G.f + K.F.v²

f = f0 when v 22 m/s f = f0 = 0,01

f when v 22 m/s

- The total traction force of the car must be less than the adhesion force between the wheels and the road surface:

Pφ = z1. mk1. φ (2.13)

Where:

 mk1 – Coefficient of load redistribution on the front axle (the front axle is the driving axle). Choose m k1 = 0,9
 Gφ – Load acting on the driving axle
 φ – Coefficent of the road adhesion (φ = 0,7)

Pφ = z1. mk1. φ = 11856 0,9 0,7 = 7469,28 (N)

 IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
Create a table to calculate Pc and Pφ:

v 0 20,537016 25,704932 32,173297 40,269356 50,402699 63,085987

Pc 735,49486 872,14803 949,57576 1070,8741 1260,9001 1558,5948 2024,9636

Pφ 7469,28 7469,28 7469,28 7469,28 7469,28 7469,28 7469,28

- Plot the graph Pk =f(v) and P=f(v):

Figure 2: Traction force balance and speed for each gear

IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
- Comments:
 The vertical axis represents Pk, Pf, Pw, Pφ. The horizontal axis represents v (m/s)

 The form of the car’s traction force graph Pki = f(v) is similar to the curve Me = f(ne) of the external
speed characteristic curve of the engine
 The range between the traction force curve Pki and the total traction force curve is the surplus

traction force (Pkd) used for acceleration or climbing

 The total traction force of the car must be less than the adhesion between the wheels and the road
surface
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
•Power balance equation at the driving wheels:
Nk = Nf + Ni + Nj + Nw
•The power transmitted to the driving wheels when towing in gear I is determined by the formula:
Nki = Ne.ŋtl
•Create a table to calculate the corresponding values of Nki và vi:

V1 4,1604 6,6248 7,2873 7,9498 8,6123 9,2748 9,9373 10,5998 11,2622 11,9247
Nk1 30,5162 50,9824 56,5667 62,1373 67,6689 73,1360 78,5129 83,7743 88,8946 93,8484
12,5872 13,2497 13,9122 14,5747 15,2371 15,8996 16,5621 17,2246 17,8871 18,5496
98,6102 103,1544 107,4556 111,4882 115,2269 118,6461 121,7202 124,4239 126,7316 128,6179

19,2120 19,8745 20,5370 21,1995 21,8620 22,5245 23,1870 23,8494 24,5119 25,1744
130,0571 131,0240 131,4928 131,4383 130,8348 129,6569 127,8791 125,4759 122,4218 118,6913

V2 5,2073 8,2919 9,1211 9,9503 10,7795 11,6087 12,4379 13,2671 14,0963 14,9254
Nk2 30,5162 50,9824 56,5667 62,1373 67,6689 73,1360 78,5129 83,7743 88,8946 93,8484
15,7546 16,5838 17,4130 18,2422 19,0714 19,9006 20,7298 21,5590 22,3882 23,2174
98,6102 103,1544 107,4556 111,4882 115,2269 118,6461 121,7202 124,4239 126,7316 128,6179

24,0465 24,8757 25,7049 26,5341 27,3633 28,1925 29,0217 29,8509 30,6801 31,5093
130,0571 131,0240 131,4928 131,4383 130,8348 129,6569 127,8791 125,4759 122,4218 118,6913
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
V3 6,5177 10,3785 11,4163 12,4542 13,4920 14,5299 15,5677 16,6056 17,6434 18,6813
Nk3 30,5162 50,9824 56,5667 62,1373 67,6689 73,1360 78,5129 83,7743 88,8946 93,8484

19,7191 20,7570 21,7948 22,8327 23,8705 24,9084 25,9462 26,9841 28,0219 29,0598
98,6102 103,1544 107,4556 111,4882 115,2269 118,6461 121,7202 124,4239 126,7316 128,6179

30,0976 31,1354 32,1733 33,2111 34,2490 35,2868 36,3247 37,3625 38,4004 39,4382
130,0571 131,0240 131,4928 131,4383 130,8348 129,6569 127,8791 125,4759 122,4218 118,6913

V4 8,1578 12,9901 14,2891 15,5881 16,8871 18,1862 19,4852 20,7842 22,0832 23,3822
Nk4 30,5162 50,9824 56,5667 62,1373 67,6689 73,1360 78,5129 83,7743 88,8946 93,8484

24,6812 25,9802 27,2792 28,5783 29,8773 31,1763 32,4753 33,7743 35,0733 36,3723
98,6102 103,1544 107,4556 111,4882 115,2269 118,6461 121,7202 124,4239 126,7316 128,6179

37,6713 38,9703 40,2694 41,5684 42,8674 44,1664 45,4654 46,7644 48,0634 49,3624
130,0571 131,0240 131,4928 131,4383 130,8348 129,6569 127,8791 125,4759 122,4218 118,6913
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
V5 10,2106 16,2589 17,8848 19,5107 21,1366 22,7625 24,3884 26,0143 27,6402 29,2661
Nk5 30,5162 50,9824 56,5667 62,1373 67,6689 73,1360 78,5129 83,7743 88,8946 93,8484

30,8920 32,5179 34,1438 35,7697 37,3956 39,0214 40,6473 42,2732 43,8991 45,5250
98,6102 103,1544 107,4556 111,4882 115,2269 118,6461 121,7202 124,4239 126,7316 128,6179

47,1509 48,7768 50,4027 52,0286 53,6545 55,2804 56,9063 58,5322 60,1581 61,7840
130,0571 131,0240 131,4928 131,4383 130,8348 129,6569 127,8791 125,4759 122,4218 118,6913

V6 12,7800 20,3503 22,3854 24,4204 26,4554 28,4904 30,5255 32,5605 34,5955 36,6306
Nk6 30,5162 50,9824 56,5667 62,1373 67,6689 73,1360 78,5129 83,7743 88,8946 93,8484

38,6656 40,7006 42,7357 44,7707 46,8057 48,8408 50,8758 52,9108 54,9459 56,9809
98,6102 103,1544 107,4556 111,4882 115,2269 118,6461 121,7202 124,4239 126,7316 128,6179

59,0159 61,0510 63,0860 65,1210 67,1561 69,1911 71,2261 73,2611 75,2962 77,3312
130,0571 131,0240 131,4928 131,4383 130,8348 129,6569 127,8791 125,4759 122,4218 118,6913
Table 3: the table shows power of the automobile
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
On the graph Nk = f(v), plot the graph according to the table

- Consider a car moving on a level road:

Nc = G.f.v +K.F.v3 (2.14)

- Create a table to calculate :

v 0 20,537016 25,704932 32,173297 40,269356 50,402699 63,085987

Nc (kW) 0 8,0056206 12,819637 21,534848 37,717355 68,31378 126,88778

Table 5: Powertrain resistance per transmission ratio

VII.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô

Figure 3: Power balance graph of the car

IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
The dynamics factor is the ratio between the difference of the traction force Pk and the air resistance Pw ​with the total weight of the
car. This ratio is denoted as "D"

- Building the graph:

Di = ( Pki – K.F.v² ) (2.15)

- The dynamics factor graph shows the relationship between D and the vehicle speed v when fully loaded and the engine operates on
the external speed characteristic. 𝐷=𝑓(𝑣)
- Create a table to show the relationship between D and v at each transmission ratio:

V1 4,1604 6,6248 7,2873 7,9498 8,6123 9,2748 9,9373 10,5998 11,2622 11,9247
D1 0,3709 0,3887 0,3920 0,3945 0,3964 0,3977 0,3982 0,3981 0,3974 0,3960

12,5872 13,2497 13,9122 14,5747 15,2371 15,8996 16,5621 17,2246 17,8871 18,5496
0,3939 0,3911 0,3877 0,3836 0,3789 0,3735 0,3674 0,3607 0,3533 0,3453

19,2120 19,8745 20,5370 21,1995 21,8620 22,5245 23,1870 23,8494 24,5119 25,1744
0,3365 0,3272 0,3171 0,3064 0,2950 0,2830 0,2703 0,2569 0,2429 0,2282
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
V2 5,2073 8,2919 9,1211 9,9503 10,7795 11,6087 12,4379 13,2671 14,0963 14,9254
D2 0,2961 0,3100 0,3125 0,3144 0,3158 0,3166 0,3169 0,3167 0,3159 0,3146

15,7546 16,5838 17,4130 18,2422 19,0714 19,9006 20,7298 21,5590 22,3882 23,2174
0,3127 0,3103 0,3073 0,3038 0,2998 0,2952 0,2901 0,2845 0,2783 0,2715

24,0465 24,8757 25,7049 26,5341 27,3633 28,1925 29,0217 29,8509 30,6801 31,5093
0,2642 0,2564 0,2480 0,2391 0,2297 0,2197 0,2092 0,1981 0,1865 0,1744

V3 6,5177 10,3785 11,4163 12,4542 13,4920 14,5299 15,5677 16,6056 17,6434 18,6813
D3 0,2362 0,2468 0,2486 0,2500 0,2508 0,2513 0,2513 0,2508 0,2499 0,2485

19,7191 20,7570 21,7948 22,8327 23,8705 24,9084 25,9462 26,9841 28,0219 29,0598
0,2467 0,2444 0,2417 0,2386 0,2349 0,2309 0,2264 0,2214 0,2160 0,2101

30,0976 31,1354 32,1733 33,2111 34,2490 35,2868 36,3247 37,3625 38,4004 39,4382
0,2038 0,1971 0,1899 0,1822 0,1741 0,1655 0,1565 0,1471 0,1372 0,1268
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
V4 8,1578 12,9901 14,2891 15,5881 16,8871 18,1862 19,4852 20,7842 22,0832 23,3822
D4 0,1882 0,1959 0,1970 0,1977 0,1981 0,1981 0,1977 0,1969 0,1957 0,1942

24,6812 25,9802 27,2792 28,5783 29,8773 31,1763 32,4753 33,7743 35,0733 36,3723
0,1922 0,1899 0,1871 0,1840 0,1805 0,1767 0,1724 0,1677 0,1627 0,1573

37,6713 38,9703 40,2694 41,5684 42,8674 44,1664 45,4654 46,7644 48,0634 49,3624
0,1514 0,1452 0,1387 0,1317 0,1243 0,1166 0,1084 0,0999 0,0910 0,0817

V5 10,2106 16,2589 17,8848 19,5107 21,1366 22,7625 24,3884 26,0143 27,6402 29,2661
D5 0,1495 0,1544 0,1548 0,1549 0,1547 0,1541 0,1532 0,1519 0,1502 0,1482

30,8920 32,5179 34,1438 35,7697 37,3956 39,0214 40,6473 42,2732 43,8991 45,5250
0,1459 0,1432 0,1402 0,1368 0,1330 0,1289 0,1245 0,1197 0,1145 0,1090

47,1509 48,7768 50,4027 52,0286 53,6545 55,2804 56,9063 58,5322 60,1581 61,7840
0,1031 0,0969 0,0904 0,0835 0,0762 0,0686 0,0606 0,0523 0,0436 0,0346
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô

V6 12,7800 20,3503 22,3854 24,4204 26,4554 28,4904 30,5255 32,5605 34,5955 36,6306
D6 0,1182 0,1200 0,1197 0,1190 0,1180 0,1166 0,1149 0,1128 0,1104 0,1077

38,6656 40,7006 42,7357 44,7707 46,8057 48,8408 50,8758 52,9108 54,9459 56,9809
0,1046 0,1011 0,0973 0,0932 0,0887 0,0838 0,0786 0,0731 0,0672 0,0610

59,0159 61,0510 63,0860 65,1210 67,1561 69,1911 71,2261 73,2611 75,2962 77,3312
0,0544 0,0475 0,0402 0,0326 0,0246 0,0163 0,0077 -0,0013 -0,0107 -0,0204

Table 4: Dynamics factor

V. Lập bảng tính giá trị thời gian tăng tốc –
quãng đường tăng tốc của ôtô
- Dynamic factor under adhesion conditions is determined as
follows:
== (2.16)

v 0 20,537016 25,704932 32,173297 40,269356 50,402699 63,085987

Dφ 0,378 0,3710844 0,3671659 0,3610274 0,3514107 0,3363451 0,3127435

f 0,01 0,0128118 0,014405 0,0169008 0,0208108 0,0269362 0,0365323

Table 5: Dynamic factor under adhesion conditions
V. Lập bảng tính giá trị thời gian tăng tốc –
quãng đường tăng tốc của ôtô
Based on the table calculation results, construct the dynamic factor graph:

Figure 4: Dynamic factor graph of the vehicle

V.Lập bảng tính giá trị thời gian tăng tốc –
quãng đường tăng tốc của ôtô
Comments:

 The form of the dynamic factor graph D = f(v) is similar to the graph of traction force Pk = f(v). However
at higher speeds, the curve is steeper
 When operating at speeds v>vth i (where vth i is the speed corresponding to D i max for each transmission
ratio), the vehicle moves stably because in this case, the driving resistance increases, the vehicle speed
decreases, and the dynamic factor D increases. On the other hand, the speed range v<vth i is an unstable
operating region for each transmission ratio of the vehicle
 The maximum value of the dynamic factor D 1​max at the lowest transmission ratio represents the vehicle’s

ability to overcome the largest driving resistance of the road: D1 max = max
V.Lập bảng tính giá trị thời gian tăng tốc –
quãng đường tăng tốc của ôtô
- No-slip driving region of the vehicle:
 Similar to traction force, the dynamic factor is also limited by the adhesion conditions
of the drive wheels on the road surface. To prevent the vehicle from slipping during
rotation, the dynamic factor D must satisfy the following condition:  ≤ D ≤ Dφ

 The region bounded by the Dφ curve and the  curve on the dynamic factor graph is the

region that meets the above condition. When D > Dφ within a certain limit, the local
characteristic of the engine can be used to prevent wheel slipping if practical
operational conditions occur
VII.Đánh gía khả năng kéo móc và vượt dốc
- Formula for calculating acceleration when the vehicle is moving on a level road:

Ji = .g (2.17)

Where:

 Di is the value of the dynamic factor at transmission ratio i, corresponding to the speed vi from the D =
f(v) graph
 f is the cofficient of rolling resistance
 Ji is the acceleration of the vehicle in transmission ratio i
 is a factor considering the influence of rotating masses

= 1+0.05(1+ihi²) (2.18)
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
V1 4,1604 6,6248 7,2873 7,9498 8,6123 9,2748 9,9373 10,5998 11,2622 11,9247

J1 2,3412 2,4557 2,4762 2,4924 2,5042 2,5117 2,5149 2,5137 2,5081 2,4983

12,5872 13,2497 13,9122 14,5747 15,2371 15,8996 16,5621 17,2246 17,8871 18,5496
2,4840 2,4655 2,4426 2,4153 2,3837 2,3478 2,3075 2,2629 2,2139 2,1606

19,2120 19,8745 20,5370 21,1995 21,8620 22,5245 23,1870 23,8494 24,5119 25,1744
2,1029 2,0409 1,9746 1,9039 1,8288 1,7495 1,6658 1,5777 1,4853 1,3885

V2 5,2073 8,2919 9,1211 9,9503 10,7795 11,6087 12,4379 13,2671 14,0963 14,9254

J2 2,0916 2,1912 2,2085 2,2218 2,2310 2,2362 2,2374 2,2346 2,2277 2,2168

15,7546 16,5838 17,4130 18,2422 19,0714 19,9006 20,7298 21,5590 22,3882 23,2174
2,2019 2,1830 2,1600 2,1330 2,1020 2,0670 2,0279 1,9848 1,9377 1,8866

24,0465 24,8757 25,7049 26,5341 27,3633 28,1925 29,0217 29,8509 30,6801 31,5093
1,8314 1,7722 1,7090 1,6417 1,5705 1,4952 1,4159 1,3325 1,2451 1,1537
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
V3 6,5177 10,3785 11,4163 12,4542 13,4920 14,5299 15,5677 16,6056 17,6434 18,6813

J3 1,7989 1,8797 1,8927 1,9020 1,9077 1,9096 1,9078 1,9023 1,8932 1,8803

19,7191 20,7570 21,7948 22,8327 23,8705 24,9084 25,9462 26,9841 28,0219 29,0598
1,8637 1,8435 1,8196 1,7919 1,7606 1,7256 1,6868 1,6444 1,5983 1,5485

30,0976 31,1354 32,1733 33,2111 34,2490 35,2868 36,3247 37,3625 38,4004 39,4382
1,4950 1,4378 1,3769 1,3124 1,2441 1,1721 1,0965 1,0171 0,9341 0,8473

V4 8,1578 12,9901 14,2891 15,5881 16,8871 18,1862 19,4852 20,7842 22,0832 23,3822

J4 1,4999 1,5586 1,5662 1,5704 1,5711 1,5684 1,5622 1,5526 1,5395 1,5230

24,6812 25,9802 27,2792 28,5783 29,8773 31,1763 32,4753 33,7743 35,0733 36,3723
1,5030 1,4796 1,4527 1,4224 1,3887 1,3514 1,3108 1,2667 1,2191 1,1681

37,6713 38,9703 40,2694 41,5684 42,8674 44,1664 45,4654 46,7644 48,0634 49,3624
1,1136 1,0557 0,9943 0,9295 0,8612 0,7895 0,7144 0,6357 0,5537 0,4682
IV.Tính toán các thông số động lực học ô tô
V5 10,2106 16,2589 17,8848 19,5107 21,1366 22,7625 24,3884 26,0143 27,6402 29,2661

J5 1,2179 1,2508 1,2516 1,2491 1,2431 1,2338 1,2211 1,2050 1,1854 1,1626

30,8920 32,5179 34,1438 35,7697 37,3956 39,0214 40,6473 42,2732 43,8991 45,5250
1,1363 1,1066 1,0735 1,0371 0,9972 0,9540 0,9074 0,8574 0,8040 0,7472

47,1509 48,7768 50,4027 52,0286 53,6545 55,2804 56,9063 58,5322 60,1581 61,7840
0,6870 0,6234 0,5565 0,4861 0,4124 0,3352 0,2547 0,1708 0,0835 -0,0072

V6 12,7800 20,3503 22,3854 24,4204 26,4554 28,4904 30,5255

J6 0,9637 0,9651 0,9569 0,9451 0,9297 0,9107 0,8881

32,5605 34,5955 36,6306 38,6656 40,7006 42,7357 44,7707 46,8057

0,8618 0,8319 0,7984 0,7613 0,7205 0,6761 0,6281 0,5765

48,8408 50,8758 52,9108 54,9459 56,9809 59,0159 61,0510 63,0860

0,5213 0,4624 0,4000 0,3339 0,2641 0,1908 0,1138 0,0332

Table 6: The value of acceleration corresponding to each transmission ratio

Based on the table calculation results, construct the acceleration graph:

Figure 5: Acceleration graph

Comments:

 The maximum acceleration of the car is highest in the first gear and decreases progressively
towards the final gear

 The minimum speed of the car (v min = 4,16 m/s) corresponds to the lowest stable engine
speed wemin = 125,6 (rad/s)

 Within the speed range from 0 to v min​, the car starts moving, during which the clutch slips
and the throttle gradually opens

 At a speed of vmax=63,9 m/s, jv = 0, indicating that the car no longer has the ability to
accelerate

 Due to the influence of , j 2​ (acceleration in the second gear) is greater than j 1 (acceleration in
the first gear)
Constructing the inverted acceleration graph:
- Create a table:

V1 4,1604 6,6248 7,2873 7,9498 8,6123 9,2748 9,9373 10,5998 11,2622 11,9247

1/J1 0,4271 0,4072 0,4038 0,4012 0,3993 0,3981 0,3976 0,3978 0,3987 0,4003
12,5872 13,2497 13,9122 14,5747 15,2371 15,8996 16,5621 17,2246 17,8871 18,5496
0,4026 0,4056 0,4094 0,4140 0,4195 0,4259 0,4334 0,4419 0,4517 0,4628

19,2120 19,8745 20,5370 21,1995 21,8620 22,5245 23,1870 23,8494 24,5119 25,1744
0,4755 0,4900 0,5064 0,5252 0,5468 0,5716 0,6003 0,6338 0,6733 0,7202

V2 5,2073 8,2919 9,1211 9,9503 10,7795 11,6087 12,4379 13,2671 14,0963 14,9254

1/J2 0,4781 0,4564 0,4528 0,4501 0,4482 0,4472 0,4469 0,4475 0,4489 0,4511

15,7546 16,5838 17,4130 18,2422 19,0714 19,9006 20,7298 21,5590 22,3882 23,2174
0,4542 0,4581 0,4630 0,4688 0,4757 0,4838 0,4931 0,5038 0,5161 0,5301

24,0465 24,8757 25,7049 26,5341 27,3633 28,1925 29,0217 29,8509 30,6801 31,5093
0,5460 0,5643 0,5851 0,6091 0,6368 0,6688 0,7063 0,7505 0,8031 0,8667
V3 6,5177 10,3785 11,4163 12,4542 13,4920 14,5299 15,5677 16,6056 17,6434 18,6813

1/J3 0,5559 0,5320 0,5283 0,5258 0,5242 0,5237 0,5242 0,5257 0,5282 0,5318

19,7191 20,7570 21,7948 22,8327 23,8705 24,9084 25,9462 26,9841 28,0219 29,0598
0,5366 0,5424 0,5496 0,5581 0,5680 0,5795 0,5928 0,6081 0,6257 0,6458

30,0976 31,1354 32,1733 33,2111 34,2490 35,2868 36,3247 37,3625 38,4004 39,4382
0,6689 0,6955 0,7262 0,7620 0,8038 0,8531 0,9120 0,9832 1,0706 1,1802

V4 8,1578 12,9901 14,2891 15,5881 16,8871 18,1862 19,4852 20,7842 22,0832 23,3822

1/J4 0,6667 0,6416 0,6385 0,6368 0,6365 0,6376 0,6401 0,6441 0,6496 0,6566

24,6812 25,9802 27,2792 28,5783 29,8773 31,1763 32,4753 33,7743 35,0733 36,3723
0,6653 0,6759 0,6884 0,7030 0,7201 0,7400 0,7629 0,7895 0,8203 0,8561

37,6713 38,9703 40,2694 41,5684 42,8674 44,1664 45,4654 46,7644 48,0634 49,3624
0,8980 0,9473 1,0057 1,0758 1,1611 1,2666 1,3999 1,5730 1,8061 2,1361
 V5 10,2106 16,2589 17,8848 19,5107 21,1366 22,7625 24,3884 26,0143 27,6402 29,2661

1/J5 0,8211 0,7995 0,7990 0,8006 0,8044 0,8105 0,8190 0,8299 0,8436 0,8602

30,8920 32,5179 34,1438 35,7697 37,3956 39,0214 40,6473 42,2732 43,8991 45,5250
0,8801 0,9037 0,9315 0,9642 1,0028 1,0482 1,1021 1,1664 1,2438 1,3384

47,1509 48,7768 50,4027 52,0286 53,6545 55,2804 56,9063 58,5322 60,1581 61,7840
1,4556 1,6041 1,7971 2,0572 2,4250 2,9830 3,9260 5,8546 11,9752 -139,21

V6 12,7800 20,3503 22,3854 24,4204 26,4554 28,4904 30,5255

1/J6 1,0377 1,0362 1,0450 1,0580 1,0756 1,0980 1,1260

32,5605 34,5955 36,6306 38,6656 40,7006 42,7357 44,7707 46,8057

1,1604 1,2021 1,2525 1,3136 1,3879 1,4790 1,5920 1,7345

48,8408 50,8758 52,9108 54,9459 56,9809 59,0159 61,0510 63,0860

1,9183 2,1625 2,5003 2,9953 3,7859 5,2412 8,7849 30,0775

Table 7: The value of inverted acceleration

Based on the table calculation results, construct the inverted acceleration graph:

Figure 6: Inverted acceleration graph

Calculate acceleration time and acceleration distance for a vehicle
- Acceleration time:
v2
dv 1 1
j  dt  .dv tv1 v2   .dv
dt j v1
j

𝑣 1 ∆𝑣𝑖 1 1
𝑡 = ‫ 𝑣׬‬2 . 𝑑𝑣 ≈ σ ∆𝑡𝑖 ≈ σ ൬ + ൰ (s)
𝐽
1 2 𝐽𝑖𝑛 𝐽 𝑖(𝑛 +1)

⇒ Acceleration time: t = ∆𝑡1 + ∆𝑡2 + ⋯ + ∆𝑡𝑖

- Acceleration distance:
𝑣
dS = v.dt → 𝑆 = ‫ 𝑣׬‬2 𝑣. 𝑑𝑣
1

S
v j  vi  .tvi v j
2

⇒ Acceleration distance: S = ∆𝑆1 + ∆𝑆2 + ⋯ + ∆𝑆𝑖

Create a table to calculate the values of acceleration time and acceleration distance for the vehicle:
- Consider speed loss and time during gear shifts
- Speed loss during gear shifts depends on the driver's skill level, gearbox structure, and engine type in the car
- Gasoline engines, with skilled drivers, have gear shift times ranging from 0.5s to 2s
- Calculate the speed loss during gear shifts:

Δv = (m/s)

Where:

 f0 - the cofficient of rolling resistance

 cs – acceleration time (tcs = 1s)

Δv2 = 0,157471 (m/s) Δv3 = 0,204382 (m/s)

Δv4 = 0,275517 (m/s) Δv5 = 0,393684 (m/s)

Δv6 = 0,589652 (m/s)

- Create a table to calculate acceleration time and acceleration distance for a vehicle:
v 1/J t (s) s (m)
4,16040196 0,427128787 0 0
6,62484389 0,407217031 1,028098407 5,544147035
7,28732827 0,403841936 1,296755359 7,412947919
7,94981266 0,401220305 1,563425942 9,444596549
8,61229705 0,399323894 1,828599959 11,64051713
9,27478144 0,398132612 2,092751202 14,00296414
9,93726583 0,397633982 2,356342675 16,53503006
10,5997502 0,397822818 2,619831531 19,24066749
11,2622346 0,398701081 2,883673855 22,12472593
11,924719 0,400277936 3,148329417 25,19300405
12,5872034 0,402569991 3,414266527 28,45231894
13,2496878 0,405601739 3,681967104 31,91059428
13,9121722 0,409406221 3,951932129 35,57697038
14,5746565 0,414025953 4,224687609 39,4619397
15,2371409 0,419514149 4,500791262 43,57751279
15,8996253 0,425936336 4,780840136 47,93742095
16,5621097 0,433372423 5,065479455 52,55736403
17,2245941 0,441919379 5,355413032 57,45531398
17,8870785 0,451694688 5,651415716 62,65188865
18,5495629 0,462840829 5,954348468 68,17081466
19,2120473 0,475531132 6,265176855 74,03950485
19,0545763 0,476190476 7,265176855 93,17281662
19,071401 0,475735344 7,273184784 93,32547169
19,9005923 0,483800193 7,671260606 101,0823471
20,7297837 0,493120096 8,076287531 109,3105452
21,558975 0,503825865 8,489617013 118,0501406
22,3881663 0,516076679 8,912464194 127,341603
23,2173577 0,530066717 9,34619072 137,2317657
24,046549 0,546033933 9,792337393 147,7750831
24,8757404 0,564271776 10,25266534 159,0352315
25,7049317 0,585145056 10,72920858 171,0871703
25,5005497 0,588235294 11,72920858 196,689911
25,9462072 0,592824166 11,9923826 203,459636
26,9840555 0,608114307 12,61557857 219,9525992
28,0219038 0,6256568 13,25581219 237,5609313
29,0597521 0,645778389 13,9155906 256,3915535
30,0976003 0,668885974 14,59780168 276,5704541
31,1354486 0,695490955 15,30580981 298,2472024
32,1732969 0,726243245 16,04358202 321,6009187
33,2111452 0,761979749 16,81585686 346,8482986
32,9356284 0,769230769 17,81585686 379,9216854
33,7742982 0,789481452 18,46947929 401,7232376
35,0733097 0,820286528 19,51503283 437,7151675
36,3723211 0,856114207 20,60386472 476,6113081
37,6713326 0,897987764 21,74316401 518,7902492
38,9703441 0,947253506 22,94165879 564,7175741
40,2693555 1,005715963 24,21012366 614,9739617
41,568367 1,075847619 25,56211114 670,29575
42,8673785 1,161125927 27,01503829 731,6352433
42,4736945 1,162250116 28,01503829 774,3057798
42,2732313 1,16636356 27,78163763 764,4157857
43,8991248 1,24383787 29,74100307 848,8373536
45,5250183 1,338381213 31,84020969 942,6972304
47,1509118 1,455626254 34,111589 1047,948325
48,7768053 1,604060022 36,59895103 1167,251806
50,4026988 1,797084429 39,36390037 1304,364959
52,0285924 2,057164579 42,4971996 1464,838901
53,6544859 2,425033996 46,14098839 1657,382309
55,2803794 2,982982018 50,53741746 1896,844513
54,6907278 2,789400279 51,53741746 1951,830067
54,9458599 2,995296589 52,27534836 1992,28218
56,9808917 3,785928119 59,17535249 2378,429704
59,0159236 5,241248608 68,36064855 2911,162249
61,0509554 8,784923972 82,6325025 3767,950729
63,0859873 30,07748286 122,1756203 6222,331602

Table 8: Accerelation time and accerelation distance of the vehicle

Accerelation time and distance graph of the vehicle

Figure 7: Accerelation time and distance graph of the vehicle

 CONCLUSION

Calculating the traction dynamics of a car is only meaningful in theory due to the relative
nature of the calculations and the inaccuracies in choosing coefficients during the computation
compared to reality. In practice, evaluating the traction quality of a car is conducted on the
road or on specialized testing benches